1、Designation:C478M11 Designation: C478M 12Standard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C478M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.PART IGENERAL1. Scope1.1 This specificat
3、ion covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction ofcircular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes and structures used in sewer, drainage, and water works.1.2 Part I, Sections 1-11, of this specification presents general requirements and
4、requirements which are common to each precastconcrete product covered by this specification.1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific requirements for each manhole product in the following sections:Product SectionGrade Rings 12Flat Slab Tops 13Risers and Conical Tops 14Base Sections 15Step
5、s and Ladders 16NOTE 1Future products will be included in Part II in a future revision of this specification.1.4 This specification is the SI companion to C478.NOTE 2This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for backfill, or the relation
6、shipbetween field load conditions and the strength requirements of the manhole products and appurtenances. Experience has shown, however, that thesuccessful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the product strength, type of foundation and backfill, and care in the fieldin
7、stallation of the manhole products and connecting pipes. The owner of the project for which these products are specified herein is cautioned to requireinspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82MSpecification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcemen
8、tA185/A185MSpecification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496MSpecification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete ReinforcementA497/A497MSpecification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel
9、 Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Co
10、mpressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Me
11、thods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products1This specification is under the jurisdiction o
12、fASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.06 on Manholes and Specials.Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2011.2012. Published November 2011.May 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 asC478M09.C478M 11 DOI: 10.15
13、20/C0478M-11.10.1520/C0478M-122For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM
14、 standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
15、 cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C101
16、7M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing ConcreteC478M 1222.2 ACI Standard:ACI 318 Building Code, Requirements for Reinforced Concrete33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Ge
17、neral material requirements for precast reinforced concrete manhole products are presented in 4.1.1-4.1.8. Other materialsor additional requirements for a product, if any, are covered in the Part II section for that specific product.4.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteReinforced concrete shall consist of cemen
18、titious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel reinforcement has been embedded in such a manner so that the steel reinforcement and concrete act together.4.1.2 Cementitious Materials:4.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150, or
19、 shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to Specification C595, except that the pozzolan constituent ofthe Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.4.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Class F or Class C of Specification C618.
20、4.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)CementGGBFSSlag cement shall conform to the requirements ofGrade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.4.1.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shallbe one of the following:4.1.
21、3.1 Portland cement only,4.1.3.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,4.1.3.3Slag modified Portland cement only,4.1.3.4Portland 4.1.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,4.1.3.5A4.1.3.4 A combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, slag cement,4.1.3.6A4.1.3.5 A combinatio
22、n of Portland cement and fly ash, or4.1.3.7A4.1.3.6 Acombination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag cement (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight) and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight).4.1.4 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to Specific
23、ation C33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.4.1.5 Admixtures and BlendsThe following admixtures and blends are allowable:4.1.5.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260;4.1.5.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;4.1.5.3 Chemical admi
24、xture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M;4.1.5.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.4.1.6 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of wire conforming to Specification A82/A82M or SpecificationA496/A496M, of wire fabric conforming to Sp
25、ecificationA185/A185M or SpecificationA497/A497M, or of bars of Grade 40 steelconforming to Specification Reinforcement shall consist of wire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M;or of bars conforming to Specification A615/A615Mor of bars conforming to Specification , Grade 280 o
26、r 420, or SpecificationA706/A706M. , Grade 420.4.1.7 Secondary Synthetic FiberCollated fibrillated polypropylene virgin fibers shall not be prohibited when used in steelreinforced concrete manholes as a non-structural manufacturing enhancement. Only fibers designed and manufactured specificallyfor u
27、se in concrete and so certified by the manufacturer shall be accepted.4.1.8 Other MaterialsOther materials required for a product and not covered in Section 4 will be covered in the Part II sectionfor that specific product.5. Design5.1 Design requirements for a product are prescribed in the specific
28、 Part II section for that product.5.1.1 The minimum compressive strength of concrete manhole products covered by this specification shall be 27.6 MPa unlessspecified otherwise in Part II of this specification.5.2 Modified or Special Design:5.2.1 Manufacturers are not prohibited from submitting to th
29、e owner, for approval prior to manufacture, designs other than thoseprescribed in the specific section for a product. If such approval is obtained, then the product shall meet all the tests andperformance requirements specified by the owner in accordance with the appropriate sections on manufacture
30、and physicalrequirements.5.2.2 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer is not prohibited from requesting approval of designs of special sections, suchas reducers, tees, and bases.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.
31、org.C478M 1236. Reinforcement6.1 This section presents requirements for reinforcement cover, continuity, laps, welds and splices. Other reinforcementrequirements are presented in Section 4 and any additional requirements are given in the Part II section for a specific product.6.2 CoverThe exposure o
32、f the ends of reinforcement, stirrups or spacers used to position the reinforcement during placementof the concrete shall not be cause for rejection.6.3 ContinuityThe continuity of the circumferential reinforcement shall not be destroyed during the manufacture of theproduct, except when lift holes o
33、r pipe openings are provided in the product.6.4 Welded Steel Cage Laps, Welds, and Splices:6.4.1 If splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars, and 40 diametersfor plain bars and cold-drawn wire. In addition, where lapped cages of welded wi
34、re fabric are used without welding, the lap shallcontain a longitudinal wire.6.4.2 When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimum requirements in 6.4.1, pull tests of representative specimensshall develop at least 50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel, and there shall be a m
35、inimum lap of 50 mm. For buttwelded splices in bars or wire, permitted only with helically wound cages, pull tests of representative specimens shall develop atleast 75 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.5 Steel Hoop SplicesA representative sample steel hoop with welded splices shall
36、develop at least 50 % of the minimumspecified strength of the steel, and there shall be a minimum lap of 50 mm. For butt welded splices, the representative steel hoopsample shall develop at least 75 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.7. Precast Concrete Manufacture7.1 MixtureThe aggreg
37、ates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materialsand water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the products will conform to the test and designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cement
38、itious ratio not exceeding 0.53 by mass. Cementitiousmaterials shall be as specified in 4.1.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280 kg/m3, unless mix designswith a lower cementitious materials content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the product meet the requ
39、irementsof this specification.7.2 CuringConcrete products shall be subjected to any one of the methods of curing prescribed in 7.2.1-7.2.4 or to any othermethod or combination of methods approved by the owner that will give satisfactory results.7.2.1 Steam CuringConcrete products are placed in a cur
40、ing chamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmospheremaintained by the injection of steam for such time and such temperatures as may be needed to enable the products to meet thestrength requirements. The curing chamber shall be so constructed as to allow full circulation of the steam
41、around the entireproduct.7.2.2 Water CuringConcrete products are water-cured by covering with water-saturated material, or by a system of perforatedpipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any other approved method that will keep the products moist during the curingperiod.7.2.3 Sealing Membr
42、aneA sealing membrane conforming to the requirements of Specification C309 is applied and shall beleft intact until the required concrete strength requirements are met. The concrete at the time of application of the membrane shallbe within 6C of the atmospheric temperature. All concrete surfaces sha
43、ll be kept moist prior to the application of the membraneand shall be damp when the membrane is applied.7.2.4 The manufacturer is not prohibited from combining methods prescribed in 7.2.1-7.2.3 provided the required concretecompressive strength is attained.8. Acceptance8.1 Acceptance Procedures:8.1.
44、1 Unless otherwise designated by the owner at the time of, or before, placing an order, acceptance procedures for precastreinforced concrete manhole products shall be as specified in the Part II section for a particular product, and shall not be prohibitedfrom consisting of one or more of the follow
45、ing:8.1.1.1 Acceptance of a product on the basis of tests of materials, including concrete compressive strength and absorption.8.1.1.2 Acceptance of a product on the basis of inspection of the finished product, including amount and placement ofreinforcement to determine conformance with the design p
46、rescribed under this specification, and freedom from defects.8.2 Test Methods:8.2.1 Concrete Compressive Strength Test:8.2.1.1 Type of SpecimenCompression tests for satisfying the minimum specified concrete strength requirement shall be madeon either concrete cylinders or, at the option of the manuf
47、acturer, on cores cut from the concrete manhole product.8.2.1.2 Compression Testing of CylindersCylinders shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497, and shall be testedin accordance with Test Method C39/C39M. For manhole products, an owner shall not be prohibited from requiring concretecomp
48、ressive tests on cylinder specimens numbering in the amount of 5 % of the total order of a manhole product, but not to exceedtwo cylinders for each days production. The average compressive strength of all cylinders tested shall be equal to or greater thanthe specified strength of the concrete. Not m
49、ore than 10 % of the cylinders tested shall fall below the specified strength of theC478M 124concrete. In no case shall any cylinder tested fall below 80 % of the specified strength of the concrete.8.2.1.3 Compression Testing of CoresCores shall be cut from the concrete manhole product and tested in accordance with TestMethods C497, except that the requirements for moisture conditioning shall not apply. One core shall be taken from a manholeproduct selected at random from each days production run of a single concrete strength. When the concrete c
