1、Designation: C497 18bStandard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe,manhole
3、sections, and tile. The test methods described are usedin production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate theproperties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 7Absorption 8Hydros
4、tatic 9Permeability 10Manhole Step 11Cylinder Strength 12Gasket Lubricant 13Joint Shear 14Alkalinity 15Gasket Measurements 16Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test 17Hydrostatic External Joint Test Method 18Welded Splice Pull Test 191.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to atemperature below
5、 40F for the 24 h immediately precedingthe test.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasonssuch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with thespecifications for
6、the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 Acomplete metric companion to Test Methods C497 hasbeen developedC497M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in these methods.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
7、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izatio
8、n established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpe
9、cimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsf
10、or Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps inDetermination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessE4 Practic
11、es for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested ina machine designed to
12、 apply a crushing force upon thespecimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending alongthe length of the specimen.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methodsof Test.Current edition appr
13、oved June 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C497 18a. DOI:10.1520/C0497-18B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
14、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on st
15、andardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.2 Significance and UseThe crushing test shall be eithera quality control test perfor
16、med to establish that the finished,shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushingloads stated in the specifications or a proof of design testperformed to prove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficientcapacity and shall be cap
17、able of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigidthroughout, so that the distribution of the load will not beaffected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall beused. Th
18、e test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearingof two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied throughan upper bearing (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufacturer,either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shallextend the full length or any portion of the length of thes
19、pecimen. Fig. 54.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hardrubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a crosssection of not less than 2 in. in width and not less than 1 in. normore than 112 in. in height and shall have the top inside cornersrounded to a radius of12 in. Hard rubbe
20、r strips shall have adurometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. Theyshall be rectangular in cross section, having a width of not lessthan 2 in., a thickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112in., and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of12 in.4.3.5 The lower bea
21、ring strips shall be fastened to a woodenor steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that deflection is not greater than1720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied.The rigid base shall be at least 6 in. wide. The interior verticalsi
22、des of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apartof not more than 1 in./ft of specimen diameter, but in no caseless than 1 in. The bearing faces of the lower strips shall notvary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than132 in./ft of length under no load.4.3.6 The up
23、per bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with orwithout an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall befastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimen-sions that deflections under maximum load will not be greaterthan17
24、20 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upperbearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than132 in. ft of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on thebearing face it shall have a durometer hardness of not less than45 nor more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than
25、 2in. and a thickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in.and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the aboverequirements.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and theowner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 1 in. in thic
26、kness shall be cast onthe surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of thefillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 1 in./ft of thespecimen diameter, but in no case less than 1 in.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load willbe distributed about the center of the over
27、all length (L1)ofthespecimen (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufacturer, thecenter of the load shall be applied at any point of the overalllength (L1) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either ata single point or at multiple points dependent on the length ofthe specimen being tested and
28、the rigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple pointsof load appllications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswithout excessive deflection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one whichshall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the spec
29、ified test loads.A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used forperforming the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified inaccordance with Practices E4.4.5 Procedure:4.5.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips insuch a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniform
30、bearing on each strip.4.5.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midwaybetween the lower bearing strips and then establish thediametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upperbearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.5.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load appli-cat
31、ion up to a maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe perminute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified designstrength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced toa maximum uniform rate of13 of the specified design strengthof the pipe per minute. This rate of loading shall be continuousunt
32、il the specified acceptance design strength is reached. Ifboth the design strength and the ultimate strength are beingdetermined, a specified rate of loading need not be maintainedafter the acceptance design strength has been reached. Fornon-reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up
33、toa maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute shall beused up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength, at whichtime the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximumuniform rate of 3000 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute. At themanufacturers option, the rates of loading in this paragra
34、phshall be any rates that do not exceed the specified maximums.4.5.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strengthis the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by thepipe before a crack having a width of 0.01 in. occursthroughout a continuous length of 1 ft or more measuredparallel to
35、the longitudinal axis of pipe barrel. The crack is 0.01in. in width when the point of the measuring gauge will,without forcing, penetrate116 in. at 3 in. maximum intervals,throughout the specified distance of 1 ft. Measure the width ofthe crack by means of a gauge made from a leaf 0.01 in. inthickne
36、ss (as in a set of standard machinist gauges), ground toC497 18b2a point of116 in. in width with corners rounded and with a taperof14 in. in. as shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a testcriterion for pipe under load in three-edge bearing test and is not intend
37、edas an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.4.5.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strengthis the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying f
38、ailure modes andshall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined underthree-edge bearing conditions.4.6 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms ofpounds per
39、 linear foot. The length used in calculating thestrength values shall be that indicated by the manufacturedlength (L)inFigs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the manufacturedlength (L) is the length from the spigot/tongue end face to thebell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall pipe, no bell, theNOTE
40、 1The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497 18b3manufactured length (L) is the same as for pipe with a bell orthe alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outsideshoulder to the socket/groove end face. For plain end or cu
41、tpipe, no bell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the sameNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptica
42、l PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC497 18b4as the overall length (L1). For pipe having a spigot on one endwith the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L)shall be the distance from the pl
43、ain end to the center of thejoint. For pipe having a bell on one end with the opposite endbeing plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distancefrom the plain end to the bell inside shoulder. See TerminologyC822 for definitions of manufactured length (L) and overalllength (L1).4.7.2 The ulti
44、mate strength in pounds per linear foot shall becalculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to thepipe by the manufactured length (L).4.7.3 The D-load strength in pounds per linear foot per footof inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.01-in.crack D-load strength or the ul
45、timate D-load strength. The0.01-in. crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the testload required to produce the 0.01-in. crack by the manufac-tured length (L) and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontalspan. The ultimate D-load strength shall be calculated bydividing the ultimate test load a
46、pplied to the pipe by themanufactured length, (L), and by the pipe inside diameter orhorizontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods isadvised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipecannot be determined because the specimen is tested todestruction and exact dupli
47、cate specimen cannot be obtained.Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are presentlycapable of being performed. Specifications that include this testmethod for the various types of concrete pipe should include aprovision for additional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test
48、Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the flatslab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top ismeasured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof ofdesign test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notreq
49、uired, at the option of the manufacturer.5.4 ProcedurePlace the section that has been designatedto receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface.Assemble theflat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designedto be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assembleit to the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame asassembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has beenprovided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center ofthe flat slab top by means of a 12 by 12 by 4-in. wood bearingb
