1、Designation:C497M13C497M13a Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile (Metric) 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation C497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope 1.1 These test methods cover testing of concret
3、e pipe, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used in production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specications. 1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: Section External Load Crushing Strength 4 Flat Slab Top 5 Core Strengt
4、h 6 Absorption 7 Hydrostatic 8 Permeability 9 Manhole Step 10 Cylinder 11 Gasket Lubricant 12 Joint Shear 13 Alkalinity 14 Gasket Measurements 15 1.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 4C for the 24 h immediately preceding the test. 1.4 If any test specimen fails b
5、ecause of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken. 1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specications for the type of pipe or tile being tested. 1.6 These methods are the metric compan
6、ion of Test Methods C497. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory li
7、mitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 C31/C31MPractice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field C39/C39MTest Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens C42/C42MTest Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams
8、 of Concrete C617Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials C822Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products C1231/C1231MPracticeforUseofUnbondedCapsinDeterminationofCompressiv
9、eStrengthofHardenedConcreteCylinders D2240Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hardness E4Practices for Force Verication of Testing Machines 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methods o
10、f Test. Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2013Oct. 1, 2013. Published March 2013October 2013. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20052013 as C497M05.C497M13. DOI: 10.1520/C0497M-13.10.1520/C0497M-13A. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontact
11、ASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
12、 previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. Copyright
13、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States 13. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsFor denitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822. 4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method 4.1 Summary of Te
14、st MethodThe test specimen is tested in a machine designed to apply a crushing force upon the specimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending along the length of the specimen. 4.2 SignicanceandUseThecrushingtestmethodshallbeeitheraqualitycontroltestperformedtoestablishthatthenished, shippabl
15、epipehassufficientstrengthtowithstandthecrushingloadsstatedinthespecicationsoraproofofdesigntestperformed to prove the adequacy of design. 4.3 Apparatus: 4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficient capacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loading prescribed in 4.5.3. 4
16、.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribution of the load will not be affected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part. 4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall be used. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearing
17、of two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied through an upper beam (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the option of the manufacturer, either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shall extend the full length or any portion of the length of the specimen. 4.3.4 The lower be
18、arings shall consist of wood or hard rubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a cross section of notlessthan50mminwidthandnotlessthan25mmnormorethan38mminheightandshallhavethetopinsidecornersrounded to a radius of 13 mm. Hard rubber strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than
19、 45 nor more than 60. They shall be rectangular in cross section, having a width of not less than 50 mm, a thickness of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm, and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of 13 mm. 4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or steel be
20、am or directly to a concrete base, any of which shall provide sufficient rigidity so that the deection is not greater than 1 720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied. The rigid base shall be at least 150 mm wide. The interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spac
21、ed a distance apart of not more than 25 mm per 300 mm of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm. The bearing faces of the lower strips shall not vary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than 2.5 mm/m of length under no load. 4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid woo
22、d beam with or without an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound, free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall be fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensions that deections under maximum load will not be greater than 1 720 of the specimen length. Th
23、e bearing face of the upper bearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5 mm/m of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on the bearing face it shallhaveadurometerhardnessofnotlessthan45normorethan60,andshallhaveawidthofnotlessthan50mmandathickness of not less than 25 mm nor more
24、 than 38 mm and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements. 4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the owner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a llet of plaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm in thickness shall be cast on the surface of the upper and
25、lower bearings. The width of the llet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 80 mm/m of the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm. 4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load will be distributed about the center of the overall length (L 1 ) of the specimen (Fig. 1, Fig. 2
26、, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).At the option of the manufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at any point of the overall length (L 1 ) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either at a single point or at multiple points dependent on the length of the specimen being tested and the rigidity o
27、f the test frame. NOTE1Theuserofthesetestmethodsisadvisedthatmultiplepointsofloadapplicationstotheupperbearingwillpermituseoflighterbeamswithout excessive deection. 4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one which shall provide an accuracy of 62% at the specied test loads. A calibrationcurveshal
28、lbeused.Themachinesusedforperformingthethree-edge-bearingtestsshallbeveriedinaccordancewith Practices E4. 4.5 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer. 4.6 Procedure: 4.6.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips in such a manner tha
29、t the pipe or tile rests rmly and with uniform bearing on each strip. 4.6.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the lower bearing strips and then establish the diametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upper bearing so that it is aligned with these marks. 4.6.3 For
30、reinforced concrete pipe, any rate or load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shallbeusedupto75%ofthespecieddesignstrength,atwhichtimetherateofloadingshallbereducedtoamaximumuniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute. If both the design strength and
31、the ultimate strength are being determined, a C497M13a 2specied rate of loading need not be maintained after the design strength has been reached. For nonreinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shall be used up to 75% of the
32、specied ultimate strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximum uniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute. NOTE 1The gures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe FIG. 1Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular Pipe C497M13a 34.6.4 As dened in Terminol
33、ogy C822, the design strength is the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by the pipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occurs throughout a continuous length of 300 mm or more measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. The crack is 0.3 mm in width when the point o
34、f the measuring gage will, without forcing, penetrate 1.5 mm at close intervals throughout the specied distance of 300 mm. Measure the width of the crack by means of a NOTE 1The gure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. FIG. 2Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch Pipe NOTE 1The gure illust
35、rates a method of applying the load to the pipe. FIG. 3Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical Pipe NOTE 1The gure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical Pipe FIG. 4Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical Pipe C497M13a 4gage ma
36、de from a leaf in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gages), ground to a point of 1.5 mm in width with corners rounded and with a taper of 0.25 mm/mm as shown in Fig. 6. NOTE2Asusedinthisspecication,the0.3-mmcrackisatestcriterionforpipetestedinthree-edgebearingtestandisnotintendedasanindic
37、ation of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions. 4.6.5 As dened in Terminology C822, the ultimate strength is the maximum load supported by the pipe. NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure mode
38、s and shall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as dened under three-edge bearing conditions. 4.7 Calculations: 4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms of pounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating the strength values shall be that indicated by L in Fig. 1, Fig
39、. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4. For plain end pipe, no bell or spigot, the length L shall be the overall length. For pipe having a bell or spigot on one end with the opposite end being plain, L shall be the distance from the plain end to the center of the joint, where L equals the overall length minus 1 2
40、the depth of the bell, or the overall length minus 1 2 the length of the spigot. 4.7.2 Theultimatestrengthinpoundsperlinearmetreshallbecalculatedbydividingthemaximumtestloadappliedtothepipe by the layingmanufactured length, L. 4.7.3 The D-load strength in newtons per linear metre per millimetre of i
41、nside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.3-mm crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The 0.3-mm crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the test loadrequiredtoproducethe0.3-mmcrackbythelayingmanufacturedlength,L,andbythepipeinsidediameterorhorizontalspan. The ulti
42、mate D-load strength shall be calculated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe by the layingmanufactured length, L, and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span. 4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods is advised that the true value for the strength of a concrete
43、pipe cannot be determined because the specimen is tested to destruction and exact duplicate specimens cannot be obtained. Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are presently possible. Specications that include this test method for the various types of concrete pipe should include a provis
44、ion for additional tests of one or more specimens. 5. Flat Slab Top Test Method 5.1 Summary of Test MethodAload is applied to the at slab top and the supporting capacity of the at slab top is measured. 5.2 Signicance and UseThe test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of
45、 the design. 5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer. 5.4 ProcedurePlace the section that has been designated to receive the at slab top on a rm, even surface.Assemble the at slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designed
46、to be tted to the access portion of the at slab top, assemble it to the slab top.Apply the test load to the riser or frame as assembled to the at slab top. If no access opening has been provided to FIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip Detail FIG. 6Gage Leaf for Measuring Cracks C497M13a 5the at slab top, appl
47、y the test load to the center of the at slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100-mm wood bearing block. See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows: P u 51.3D12.17L11I! (1) where: P u = applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load, N, D = total calculated eld dead load on the slab, N, L = c
48、alculated live load on the at slab top, and I = impact factor, 30% minimum. 6. Core Strength Test Method 6.1 Summary of Test MethodThe compressive strength of the concrete in the pipe is determined by making crushing tests of cores cut from the pipe. 6.2 Signicance and UseThe core strength test is a
49、 quality control test performed to establish the fact that the nished, shippable precast concrete product has sufficient concrete strength to meet the strengths stated in the specications. 6.3 ApparatusA core drill shall be used for securing cylindrical core specimens from the wall of the pipe; a shot drill or a diamond drill shall be used. 6.4 Test Specimens: 6.4.1 A core specimen for the determination of compressive strength shall have a diameter at least three times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate
