1、 Technical Report onFire Resistance Improvementsfor API FlangesAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 6F2THIRD EDITION, APRIL 1999COPYRIGHT 2000 American Petroleum InstituteInformation Handling Services, 2000API ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MISSIONAND GUIDING PRINCIPLESThe members of the American Petroleum Instit
2、ute are dedicated to continuous efforts toimprove the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economicallydeveloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consum-ers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others
3、 todevelop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protectingthe health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, APImembers pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles usingsound science to prioritize risks an
4、d to implement cost-effective management practices:lTo recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod-ucts and operations.lTo operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in amanner that protects the environment, and the safety and hea
5、lth of our employeesand the public.lTo make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning,and our development of new products and processes.lTo advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public ofinformation on significant industry-related safet
6、y, health and environmental hazards,and to recommend protective measures.lTo counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis-posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials.lTo economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve thoseresourc
7、es by using energy efficiently.lTo extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health andenvironmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials.lTo commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation.lTo work with others to resolve problems c
8、reated by handling and disposal of hazard-ous substances from our operations.lTo participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulationsand standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment.lTo promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and o
9、ffering assis-tance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materi-als, petroleum products and wastes.Technical Report onFire Resistance Improvementsfor API FlangesUpstream SegmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 6F2THIRD EDITION, APRIL 1999SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessari
10、ly address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others ex
11、posed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufa
12、cturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anyth
13、ing contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewc
14、ycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the APIUpstream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API public
15、ations and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstanda
16、rd. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the general manager of the Upstream Segment, AmericanPetroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Wash
17、ington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permissionto reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also beaddressed to the general manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards
18、 are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or
19、 materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved.
20、 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C
21、. 20005.Copyright 1999 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee
22、in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitt
23、ed to the general manager ofthe Upstream Segment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20005.iiiIMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING USE OF ASBESTOS OR ALTERNATIVE MATERIALSAsbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment described insome API stan
24、dards. It has been of extreme usefulness in minimizing fire hazards associatedwith petroleum processing. It has also been a universal sealing material, compatible withmost refining fluid services.Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them theserious and often fat
25、al diseases of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer ofthe chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposure to asbestos varies with the prod-uct and the work practices involved.Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), U.S. Departme
26、nt of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Asbestos,Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal RegulationsSection1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Standard forAsbestos, 40 Code of Federal RegulationsSections 61.140 through 61.156;
27、and the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule on labeling requirements and phased banningof asbestos products (Sections 763.160-179).There are currently in use and under development a number of substitute materials toreplace asbestos in certain applications. Manufacturers and users are enco
28、uraged to developand use effective substitute materials that can meet the specifications for, and operatingrequirements of, the equipment to which they would apply.SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULARPRODUCTS OR MATERIALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THEMANUFACTURER OR SUPP
29、LIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR MATERIAL, OR THEMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.iv CONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Comparative Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 USAGE CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Divisions of Use. . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Liquid and Gas Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Relative Fire Vulnerability of API Flanges: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Manufacturers Testing: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 IMPROVEMENTS . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.1 Methods of Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 Material Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . 3APPENDIX A USER-MODIFIED API RP 6F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5APPENDIX B PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7APPENDIX C DETERMINATION OF INSULATION REQUIREMENTS TOPROTECT FLANGE . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11APPENDIX D FLANGE, SEAL, AND BOLT MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13APPENDIX E METRIC CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19FiguresB-1 Average Temperatures of Various
36、 Joints Carbon Steel at 30 Minutes . . . . . . . . . . . 8D-1 71/16in. API 10,000 psi Flange Protector in Accordance with Fire ProtectionClass C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17TablesB-1 Materials and Gaskets of I
37、nterest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7B-2 Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7B-3 Classification Summary of ANSI Carbon Steel Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . 9B-4 Classification Summary of 316 Stainless ANSI Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9B-5 Classification Summary of API Flanges and Clampsa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9D-1 High Temperature Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . 13D-2 Suggested Fire Protection of Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15D-3 Commonly Used Materials Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16D-4 Intermediate Steels/High Alloy Bolting . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16v1Technical Report on Fire Resistance Improvements for API Flanges1 ScopeThis document establishes recommended methods forimproving the performance of standard API flanges whensubjected to the adverse effects of external high temperaturesinduced b
41、y exposure to fires. It does not cover fire prevention,suppression, or fire fighting practices.Innumerable factors contribute to flange failures under fireconditions, so it is difficult to formulate hard and fast engi-neering rules which will ensure fire resistant behavior underall circumstances. It
42、 is possible to formulate a generalizedmethodology to examine enhancements which will increasethe probability of survival of API flanges under fire conditions.1.1 COMPARATIVE TESTINGTo provide a basis for comparing protection methods it isnecessary to provide consistent testing criteria. Although pr
43、i-marily used for valves, API RP 6F and API Spec 6FA, as wellas other test procedures, listed in the following, have beenused for testing connection and seal performances.a. API RP 6F.b. API Spec 6FA (supersedes API RP 6F).c. User Modified API RP 6F, (Appendix A).d. API Spec 6FBShould be considered
44、as the standard testmethod.It is not intended that the order of listing indicates testseverity.2 References1. API Spec 6AFSpecification for Fire Test for Valves, American Petro-leum Institute, latest edition.2. Weiner, Peter D.Analysis of Flange and Clamp Joints Exposed to a FireEnvironment, Mechani
45、cal Engineering Department,Texas Aand information on physical properties can be obtained fromthe manufacturers.Some important usage factors should be considered,including resistance to environmental deterioration; highinsulating value; ease of installation; service life; and chemi-cal interaction wi
46、th flanges, studs, nuts, and shielding.Shielding must cover the entire flanged connection and, inparticular, studs and nuts.5.1.2 Shielding CoatingsCoatings for fire protection have been widely used for con-struction members in refineries, and industrial and chemicalplants. Many are used as external
47、 insulation for fired vessels.They are available in several forms: solid sheet materials;spray applied “gunite” or troweled types; batting (fiber); andwrapping-type materials. Most of these materials are rated inaccordance with UL1and ASTM2specifications. ASTM-E 1119/ASTM-E 84 would be typical speci
48、fications. Numer-ous compositions are available, but generally fall into severalcategories: aluminum oxides blended with silica, or magne-sium oxychlorides are typical. Trade compounds providingreactive bonding characteristics are added to make cementi-tious mixes for application. Common fiberglass
49、and mineralwoods are used. Consideration should be given to environ-mental considerations, water absorption, abrasion, impactresistance and compatibility with the materials being coated.To avoid covering studs and nuts, high temperature boltingmaterials may be used (see Appendix D).1Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illi-nois 60062.2American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr HarborDrive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959.TECHNICALREPORTONFIRERESISTANCEIMPROVEMENTSFORAPI FLANGES35.2 MATERIAL RECOMMENDATIONSMost common materials used in API flang
