1、Designation: C497M 16C497M 17Standard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of conc
3、rete pipe, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used inproduction testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength
4、 6Absorption 7Hydrostatic 8Permeability 9Manhole Step 10Cylinder 11Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Gasket Measurements 151.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 4C for the 24 h immediately preceding the test.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of me
5、chanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 These methods are the metric companion of Test M
6、ethods C497.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior
7、to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barrier
8、s to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beam
9、s of ConcreteC617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of
10、Compressive Strength of Hardened CylindricalConcrete Specimens1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methods of Test.Current edition approved June 1, 2016April 1, 2017. Published June 2016May
11、2017. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 asC497M 15.C497M 16. DOI: 10.1520/C0497M-16.10.1520/C0497M-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume
12、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequat
13、ely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
14、, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer HardnessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge
15、 Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested in a machine designed to apply a crushing force upon the specimenin a plane through the vertical axis extending along the length of the specimen.4.2 Significance and UseThe crushing test method shall be either a quality contro
16、l test performed to establish that the finished,shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of design test performedto prove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficient capacity a
17、nd shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribution of the load will not be affectedappreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading
18、shall be used. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearing of twoparallel longitudinal strips and the load applied through an upper beam (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the option of themanufacturer, either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shall extend the full le
19、ngth or any portion of the length ofthe specimen.4.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hard rubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a cross section ofnot less than 50 mm in width and not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm in height and shall have the top inside corners roun
20、dedto a radius of 13 mm. Hard rubber strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. They shall berectangular in cross section, having a width of not less than 50 mm, a thickness of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm,and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a
21、 radius of 13 mm.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that the deflection is not greater than 1720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied.The rigid base shall be at
22、 least 150 mm wide. The interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apartof not more than 25 mm per 300 mm of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm. The bearing faces of the lower stripsshall not vary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by mo
23、re than 2.5 mm/m of length under no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with or without an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall be fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensionsthat def
24、lections under maximum load will not be greater than 1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upper bearingshall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5 mm/m of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on the bearing face itshall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 no
25、r more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 50 mm and a thicknessof not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the owner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed,
26、 a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm in thickness shall be cast on the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of thefillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 80 mm/m of the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed tha
27、t the load will be distributed about the center of the overall length (L1) of thespecimen (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the option of the manufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at any pointof the overall length (L1) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either at a sin
28、gle point or at multiple points dependent on thelength of the specimen being tested and the rigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple points of load applications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beams withoutexcessive deflection.4.4 Calib
29、rationThe loading device shall be one which shall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads. Acalibration curve shall be used. The machines used for performing the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified in accordance withPractices E4.4.5 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3
30、 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.4.6 Procedure:4.6.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips in such a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearing on each strip.4.6.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the lower bearing st
31、rips and then establish the diametricallyopposite point on each end. Place the upper bearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.6.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate or load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minuteshall be used up to 75 % of the specified de
32、sign strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to a maximum uniformC497M 172NOTE 1The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipeFIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-B
33、earing Test, Arch PipeC497M 173rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength are being determined, aNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figu
34、re illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeFIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeFIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip DetailC497M 174specified rate of loading need not be maintained after the design strength has been reached. Fo
35、r nonreinforced concrete pipe, anyrate of load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shall be used up to 75 % of the specifiedultimate strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximum uniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipeper minute.
36、4.6.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strength is the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by the pipebefore a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occurs throughout a continuous length of 300 mm or more measured parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. The crack is 0.3 mm
37、 in width when the point of the measuring gage will, without forcing,penetrate 1.5 mm at close intervals 75 mm maximum intervals, throughout the specified distance of 300 mm. Measure the widthof the crack by means of a gage made from a leaf in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gages), gro
38、und to a point of 1.5mm in width with corners rounded and with a taper of 0.25 mm/mm as shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended as an indicationof overstressed or failed pipe under instal
39、led conditions.4.6.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strength is the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes and shallhave no relationship to the ultimate s
40、trength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms of pounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating the strengthvalues shall be that indicated by the manufactured length (L) in Figs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the
41、 manufactured length (L) is thelength from the spigot/tongue end face to the bell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall pipe, no bell, the manufactured length(L) is the same as for pipe with a bell or the alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outside shoulder to the socket/grooveend fac
42、e. For plain end or cut pipe, no bell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the same as the overall length (L1). For pipehaving a spigot on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distance from the plain endto the center of the joint. For pipe having a
43、 bell on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shallbe the distance from the plain end to the bell inside shoulder. See Terminology C822 for definitions of manufactured length (L)and overall length (L1).4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear metre shall be
44、calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to the pipeby the manufactured length, (L).4.7.3 The D-load strength in newtons per linear metre per millimetre of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the0.3-mm crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The 0.3-mm crack
45、 D-load shall be calculated by dividing the testload required to produce the 0.3-mm crack by the manufactured length, (L), and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span.The ultimate D-load strength shall be calculated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe by the manufactured le
46、ngth,(L), and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods is advised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipe cannotbe determined because the specimen is tested to destruction and exact duplicate specimens cannot be obtained. The
47、refore, nocalculations of precision and bias are presently possible. Specifications that include this test method for the various types ofconcrete pipe should include a provision for additional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to
48、the flat slab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top is measured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.5.4 Proc
49、edurePlace the section that has been designated to receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface. Assemble the flatslab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designed to be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assemble it tothe slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame as assembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has been provided tothe flat slab top, apply the test load to the center of the flat slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100-mm wood bearing block.See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows
