1、Designation: C 515 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Specification forChemical-Resistant Ceramic Tower Packings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 515; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers fired ceramic shapes formedfrom naturally occurring clays and from compounded bodiesthat are use
3、d as packing in tower installations. These ceramicunits are designed primarily for use in process equipment forthe chemical or allied industries.1.2 The physical and chemical properties that affect qualityof packing materials are covered in this specification. Proper-ties that affect actual operatio
4、nal efficiency or characteristics ofprocessing towers are not covered.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to thetest method portion only, Section 7, of
5、this standard. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Refe
6、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 279 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry UnitsC 373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of FiredWhiteware ProductsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definit
7、ions:3.1.1 tower packinga term covering variously shapedceramic pieces such as spheres, cylindrical rings with eithernormal or angular ends, rings with included obstructions,perforated cylinders, and curved saddles. These shapes areused within columns or towers to provide inert surfaces forpromotion
8、 of energy transfer or chemical reaction betweenliquids and liquids, gases and liquids, and gases and gases.3.1.1.1 DiscussionClay: An earthy or stony mineral ag-gregate consisting, essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina,plastic when sufficiently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry,and vitreo
9、us when fired at a sufficiently high temperature.3.1.2 chemical stoneware tower packingpieces manufac-tured from specially compounded bodies consisting of claysand other minerals, of natural origin.3.1.3 chemical porcelain tower packingpieces manufac-tured from specially compounded bodies, consistin
10、g of refinedclays and other naturally occurring minerals. These pieces arecharacteristically smooth-textured, vitreous, and white or lightgray in color.4. Shapes, Sizes, and Quantities4.1 The number of dumped pieces of cylindrical-type pack-ing per cubic foot shall conform to the requirements for ea
11、chsize of rings, packings, and saddles as specified in Table 1,Table 2, and Table 3.5. Tolerances for Rings5.1 Dimensional AccuracyThe average outside diameterand average length shall be within 65 % of specified size for80 % of a lot, and within 610 % of specified size for 100 % ofa lot.5.2 Measurem
12、ent of the ring shall be made with calipers,avoiding flashes, protrusions, and obviously defective areas.The average outside diameter shall be determined as one halfthe sum of the maximum and minimum outside diameters. The1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufact
13、ured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 515 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
15、 States.average length shall be determined as one half the sum of themaximum and minimum lengths.5.3 OvalnessThe difference between maximum and mini-mum outside diameters of any ring in a lot shall not exceed10 % of the specified size.5.4 InspectionThe sample plan and procedure shall be asagreed upo
16、n by the supplier and purchaser at time of purchase.NOTE 1See Table 2 for piece size counts of saddles which define sizetolerances.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The appearance of iron or other leachable impurities onthe surfaces may be cause for rejection if this is a matter ofconcern to the purchaser.
17、6.2 The presence of undesirable trace elements such asboron is to be considered as a special case and will be treatedas such by the purchaser and the manufacturer.7. Test Methods7.1 Crushing TestsMake crushing tests on any standardmachine conforming to the requirements of Practice E4. Breakten or mo
18、re specimens between18-in. (3.2-mm) thick squaresof a metal that is oil-hardened to HR C60, with cushions of0.022-in. (0.56-mm) blotting paper between the hardened plateand the specimen as shown in Fig. 1. The loading rate shall bebetween 0.2 to 1.0 in. (5 to 25 mm)/min, or between 100 to 500lbf/min
19、 (445 to 2224 N/min). The report shall include theaverage load causing failure, calculated in pounds-force perlinear inch (or newtons per metre) and the loading rate used.8. Physical Requirements8.1 Crushing StrengthCeramic tower packing in the formof rings must withstand a load of at least 25 lbf/l
20、inear in. (4.4kN) when the load is applied (distributed) along a full elementof the cylinder which lies in a longitudinal plane containing thecylinder axis. In the case of cross-partition rings, the load mustbe distributed along an element in a longitudinal plane con-taining the cylinder axis and mi
21、dway between the partitions.8.2 Water Absorption:8.2.1 Porcelain packing shall absorb no more than 0.5weight percent water as determined in accordance with TestMethod C 373.8.2.2 Stoneware packing shall absorb no more than 3 weightpercent water as determined in accordance with Test MethodC 373.8.3 A
22、cid-Resisting Properties.NOTE 2Ceramic tower packings are used in acidic or chemicallyTABLE 1 Requirements For Shapes, Sizes, and Quantitiesof RingsRaschig RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nominal WallThickness, in. (mm)ApproximateNumber perCubic FootB(0.03 m3)14 (6.4)132 to116 (0.8 to 1.6) 79 200516 (7.9)116 (1.
23、6) 36 00038 (9.5)332 to116C(2.4 to 1.6) 22 50012 (12.7)332 (2.4) 9 96058 (15.9)332 to18C(2.4 to 3.2) 5 36034 (19.1)332 to18C(2.4 to 3.2) 2 8901 (25.4)18 (3.2) 1 260114 (31.8)316 (4.8) 640112 (38.1)14 (6.4) 3602 (50.8)316 to14C(4.8 to 6.4) 1553 (76.2)38 (9.5) 64 to 744 (101.6)12 (12.7) 27 to 316 (152
24、.4)58 (15.9) 8 to 9Lessing RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nominal WallThickness, in. (mm)ApproximateNumber perCubic FootB(0.03 m3)1 (25.4)18 (3.2) 1220114 (31.8)316 (4.8) 620112 (38.1)14 (6.4) 3302 (50.8)14 (6.4) to (9.5)C1423516 (7.9) to38 (9.5)C44438 (9.5) to12 (12.7)C22Cross Partition RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nomi
25、nal WallThickness, in. (mm)Number perCubic Foot(0.03 m3)SquareSetStaggerSet3 (76.2)516 (7.9) to38 (9.5) 64 744 (101.6)38 (9.5) to12 (12.7) 27 316 (152.4)12 (12.7) 8 9AThis dimension describes both the specified length and the specified outsidediameter, and is intended as a guide rather than as an ac
26、ceptance criterion.BDumped, except for values assigned to 3 in. (76.2 mm) of larger rings, whichare usually stacked in square or stagger set. These numbers are to be consideredas guides rather than as acceptance criteria.CRepresentative of different manufacturers practices.TABLE 2 Requirements for S
27、izes and Quantities of SaddlesSaddlesSaddleDesignationApproximateNumber perCubic FootA(0.03 m3)B14 115 00038 50 00012 17 00034 6 2001 2 100112 6502 240350AAs randomly dumped.B1 in. = 25.4 mm.TABLE 3 Requirements for Shapes, Sizes, andQuantities of SaddlesABerl Saddles Intalox SaddlesSize, in.(mm)BMi
28、nimumNumber perCubic FootC(0.03 m3)Size, in.(mm)BMinimumNumber perCubic FootC(0.03 m3)1-4 96 05014 99 45012 15 84012 18 63034 4 70034 61101 2 070 1 2 240112 630 112 6752 238 2 257ASaddle shapes shall conform to samples previously approved by the con-sumer.B1 in. = 25.4 mm.CSee Footnote B to Table 1.
29、C 515 95 (2007)2neutral solutions and as heat transfer media.8.3.1 Porcelain packing shall lose no more than 4 % of itsoriginal weight when determined in accordance with Section77 of Specification C 279.8.3.2 Stoneware packing shall lose no more than 10 % of itsoriginal weight as determined in accor
30、dance with SpecificationC 279.NOTE 3In preparing samples no attempt shall be made to remove theskin surface of the units and a significant random sample should be takenfor use in Specification C 279.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The determination of water absorption by Test MethodC 373 is accurate to 60.
31、2 % water absorption in interlabora-tory testing when the average value recorded by all laboratoriesis assumed to be the true water absorption. The precision isapproximately 60.1 % water absorption on measurementsmade by a single experienced operator.9.2 The original data on acid weight loss on eigh
32、t (8)different types of cross partition rings run by four different labsin accordance with Specification C 279 gave the followingstandard deviations:Type of Ring Standard Deviation1-in. porcelain 0.363-in. porcelain 0.421-in. Stoneware 0.483-in. Stoneware 0.923-in. Clay 3.2210. Keywords10.1 acid res
33、istance; ceramic; chemical-resistant; crushingstrength; low absorption; porcelain; rings; saddles; stoneware;tower packingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expre
34、ssly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised
35、, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may a
36、ttend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States
37、. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Arrangement of Apparatus for Crushing TestC 515 95 (2007)3
