1、2004年清华大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was _. （ A） torrent （ B） transient （ C） tensile （ D） textured 2 Nobody knew how he came up with this _ idea about the trip. （ A） weary （ B） twilight （ C） unanimous （ D） weir
2、d 3 The flower under the sun would _ quickly without any protection. （ A） wink （ B） withhold （ C） wither （ D） widower 4 The _ of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance. （ A） segregation （ B） specification （ C） spectrum （ D） subscription
3、5 He _ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening. （ A） repealed （ B） resented （ C） relayed （ D） reproached 6 Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a event. （ A） cholesterol （ B） charcoal （ C） catastrophic （ D） chronic 7 He cut the string and he
4、ld up the two _ to tie the box. （ A） segments （ B） sediments （ C） seizures （ D） secretes 8 All the musical instruments in the orchestra will be _ before it starts. （ A） civilized （ B） chattered （ C） chambered （ D） chorded 9 When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the a
5、ir is said to be _. （ A） commenced （ B） compressed （ C） compromised （ D） compensated 10 She made two copies of this poem and posted them _ to different publishers. （ A） sensationally （ B） simultaneously （ C） strenuously （ D） simply 11 The _ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other p
6、arts of the country. （ A） clash （ B） clarify （ C） clarity （ D） clatter 12 Business in this area has been _ because prices are too high. （ A） prosperous （ B） secretive （ C） slack （ D） shrill 13 He told a story about his sister who was in a sad _ when she was ill and had no money. （ A） plight （ B） pol
7、arization （ C） plague （ D） pigment 14 He added a _ to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm. （ A） presidency （ B） prestige （ C） postscript （ D） preliminary 15 Some linguists believe that the _ age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8. （ A） optimistic （ B） optional （ C）
8、optimal （ D） oppressed 16 It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the _ of their cities. （ A） paradises （ B） omissions （ C） orchards （ D） outskirts 17 The meeting was _ over by the mayor of the city. （ A） presumed （ B） proposed （ C） presented （ D） presided 18 The crowd _ i
9、nto the hall and some had to stand outside. （ A） outgrew （ B） overthrew （ C） overpassed （ D） overflew 19 It was clear that the storm _ his arrival by two hours. （ A） retarded （ B） retired （ C） refrained （ D） retreated 20 This problem should be discussed first, for it takes _ over all the other issue
10、s. （ A） precedence （ B） prosperity （ C） presumption （ D） probability 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in
11、 his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998. Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wea
12、lth. “Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual rights,“ he says. Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary.
13、But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes. “No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not h
14、ave rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,“ he argues. “There is no private property without government-individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a
15、 private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.“ Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are
16、based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks . if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowe
17、rs,“ Olson writes. Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices find the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees that there is some merit to this point
18、 of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力
19、) to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade., and therefore at least some economic advance,“ Olson concludes. 21 Which of the following is true about Olson? （ A） He was a fiction writer. （ B） He edited the book Power and Prosperity. （ C） He taught economics at the University of M
20、aryland. （ D） He was against the ownership of private property. 22 Which of the following represents Olsons point of view? （ A） Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building. （ B） Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights. （ C） Secure individual rights are
21、brought about by the wealth of the society. （ D） In some countries, people dont have secure individual rights because theyre poor. 23 What does Olson think about mass production? （ A） Its capital intensive. （ B） Its property intensive. （ C） It relies on individual labor. （ D） It relies on individual
22、 skills. 24 What is the basis for the banking system? （ A） Contract system that can be enforced. （ B） Peoples willingness to deposit money in banks. （ C） The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers. （ D） The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans. 25 Acc
23、ording to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries? （ A） government intervention （ B） lack of secure individual rights （ C） being short of capital （ D） lack of a free market 25 Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, t
24、he child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological trea
25、tment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world ar
26、ound him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child ca
27、n understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition of each new skill-the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of fa
28、ilure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without a
29、ny learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents.
30、Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict
31、in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the childs own happiness and well-being. 26 The principle underlying a
32、ll treatment of developmental difficulties in children _. （ A） is to send them to clinics （ B） offers recapture of earlier experiences （ C） is in the provision of clockwork toys and trains （ D） is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced 27 The child in the nursery _. （ A） quickly le
33、arns to wait for food （ B） doesnt initially sleep and wake at regular intervals （ C） always accepts the rhythm of the world around him （ D） always feels the word around him is warm and friendly 28 The encouragement of children to achieve new skills _. （ A） can never be taken too far （ B） should be l
34、eft to school teachers （ C） will always assist their development （ D） should be balanced between two extremes 29 Jigsaw puzzles are _. （ A） too difficult for children （ B） a kind of building-block toy （ C） not very entertaining for adults （ D） suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation 30 Paren
35、tal controls and discipline _. （ A） serve a dual purpose （ B） should be avoided as much as possible （ C） reflect the values of the community （ D） are designed to promote the childs happiness 30 More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who arent Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 A
36、merican children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, its almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish“ when they get older. Tha
37、t survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasnt Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mo
38、ther wasnt Jewish, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too. “I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.“ Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of
39、more than a decade and wasnt actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says its obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity am
40、ong children, but says its not clear at this point why thats the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. Thats something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didnt have information on how they feel about their religion, whe
41、ther they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new studys going to cover some of that,“ she says. Jay Rubin is executive director of Hillel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin
42、says Judaism is more than a religion, its an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish, and
43、 those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews. 31 The best title of this passage is _. （ A） Jewish and Non-Jewish in American （ B） Jewish Identity in America （ C） Judaism-a Religion?
44、（ D） College Jewish Students 32 Among the freshmen at UCLA _ thought themselves as Jewish. （ A） most （ B） 93% of those whose parents were both Jewish （ C） 62% of those only whose father were Jewish （ D） 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish 33 The phrase “interfaith marriage“ in the Paragraph 3
45、 refers to the _. （ A） marriage of people based on mutual belief （ B） marriage of people for the common faith （ C） marriage of people of different religious faiths （ D） marriage of people who have faith in each other 34 Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Saxs research? （ A
46、） The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish. （ B） The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen. （ C） The research survey didnt find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion. （ D） The research presents a new
47、perspective for the future study. 35 Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph? （ A） Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel. （ B） Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and its an experience. （ C） Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world
48、. （ D） Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. 35 Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. Howev
49、er, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This nongovernmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater. People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free. The rainwater harvesting system created
