1、2006年清华大学考博英语真题试卷（精选）及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Right now there is a sale of 19th-century European paintings and sculpture in the museum. （ A） photographs （ B） images （ C） statues （ D） stone paintings 2 The more intrusive advertisements become, the more they irritate web users. （ A） annoy
2、（ B） dismay （ C） surprise （ D） startle 3 Both police officers and high officials here are susceptible to corruption. （ A） sustainable （ B） suspicious （ C） skeptical （ D） vulnerable 4 In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea around a beach from which pe
3、ople swim. （ A） frightening （ B） resisting （ C） protective （ D） raising 5 His work shed provocative yet necessary light, on an important way to slow the spread of this deadly virus. （ A） provisional （ B） seductive （ C） insulting （ D） disturbing 6 Before the construction of the railroad, it was prohi
4、bitively expensive to transport any goods across the mountains. （ A） determinedly （ B） incredibly （ C） forbiddingly （ D） amazingly 7 Scarcely does anyone want to become janitors, but to be appointed as a sanitary engineer is quite something else. （ A） senior （ B） military （ C） clean （ D） skilled 8 N
5、owadays, the prescribed roles of the man as “breadwinner“ and the woman as housewife are changing. （ A） original （ B） prevalent （ C） ascribed （ D） settled 9 The new chemical will exterminate this kind of insects in this area. （ A） eliminate （ B） prosecute （ C） quench （ D） quit 10 He stepped gingerly
6、 into the ramshackle old house. （ A） slowly （ B） recklessly （ C） cautiously （ D） alertly 11 This is only a _ agreement: nothing serious concluded yet by far. （ A） tentative （ B） local （ C） decisive （ D） kidding 12 Some workers in the nuclear power station were exposed to high levels of _. （ A） radia
7、tion （ B） cancer （ C） microwaves （ D） high temperature 13 A _ refers to an animal that is born from its mothers body, not from an egg, and drinks its mothers milk as a baby. （ A） mammoth （ B） penguin （ C） mosquito （ D） mammal 14 I have to say this, but this coat youve just bought is made of _ fur; i
8、ts not real mink. （ A） coarse （ B） genuine （ C） slippery （ D） simulated 15 Its amazing that two researchers working independently made the same discovery _. （ A） spontaneously （ B） simultaneously （ C） collaboratively （ D） conscientiously 16 The government cant expect the taxpayer to _ this company o
9、ut indefinitely. （ A） support （ B） bail （ C） redeem （ D） remove 17 These melodious folk songs are generally _ to Smith, a very important musician of the century. （ A） devoted （ B） contributed （ C） composed （ D） ascribed 18 _ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true. （
10、 A） In order that （ B） Lest （ C） If （ D） Providing 19 _ my wifes consistent encouragement I wouldnt have accomplished my graduate study. （ A） But for （ B） But with （ C） Except for （ D） Except that 20 When cooperating with the American specialists in the States, I _ myself of the opportunity to impro
11、ve my English. （ A） availed （ B） allowed （ C） deprived （ D） indulged 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to
12、find ways of sharing the available employment widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in wh
13、ich many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has tak
14、en the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows
15、 has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and remo
16、ved work from peoples homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women
17、 at disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to
18、 the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs. 21 What idea did the author derive from the recent opinion polls? （ A） Available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population. （ B） New jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemplo
19、yment figures. （ C） Jobs available must be distributed among more people. （ D） The present high unemployment figures are a fact of life. 22 The passage suggests that we should now re-examine our thinking about work and _. （ A） be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of work （ B
20、） create more factories in order to increase our productivity （ C） set up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn can employ others （ D） be prepared to fill in time by baking-up housework 23 The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrial age meant that _. （ A） universal employment gu
21、aranteed prosperity （ B） economic freedom came within everyones reach （ C） patterns of work were fundamentally changed （ D） to survive, everyone, has to find a job 24 As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries _. （ A） people were no longer legally entitled to own land （ B） people w
22、ere forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves （ C） people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land （ D） people were badly paid for the work they managed to find 25 It can be inferred from the passage that _. （ A） the creation of jobs for all is impossible （ B） we
23、must make every effort to solve the problem of unemployment （ C） people should start to support themselves by learning a practical skill （ D） We should help people to get full-time jobs 25 Various innovations have been introduced as ways to break off our system which forces students through a series
24、 of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking and students have little opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are team teaching and teacher aides, non-graded elementary and secondary schools, independent study, curricula focused on helping students discover things for th
25、emselves rather than on trying to tell them everything, and schools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone, or in small groups, or take part in large group instruction via diverse media. The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of
26、 each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast differences in the ways students learn are
27、disregarded when they are taught the same thing, in the same way, at the same time. There is no escaping the evidence that many students themselves feel little enthusiasm and even outright hostility for the present way schools and collages are organized and instruction is handled. Many of them resen
28、t technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. Or it is programming which merely reproduces conventional classroom responds and learns, reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of understanding. Technological med
29、ia can store information until it is needed or wanted. They can distribute it over distances to reach the student where he happens to be. They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short,
30、 the students opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teacher, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning. 26 The author is mainly concerned with
31、_. （ A） providing the possibility for students to take the courses they want （ B） making technology an active tool in the school （ C） relieving the teacher from routine duties （ D） meeting the needs of each student 27 It can be inferred from the article that a good educational system must _. （ A） no
32、t depend on teachers （ B） make use of varying methods of teaching （ C） place a renewed emphasis on science （ D） not organize their instruction 28 The author suggests that the basic role of the teacher in the educational system should be _. （ A） as a lecturer （ B） that of a technologist （ C） as the s
33、ource of knowledge （ D） much more than that of classroom teaching 29 The negative reactions of students to technology are the result of _. （ A） unknown factors （ B） a general hostility toward education （ C） its misuse （ D） its newness in the schools 30 All of the following are mentioned as a capabil
34、ity of technological media EXCEPT their ability to _. （ A） make it easier for students to obtain needed information （ B） provide many ways of teaching the same thing （ C） make learning easy and fun （ D） replace traditional reports 30 Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to d
35、ate the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of ye
36、ars to form recognizable “daughter“ products which are preserved minerals. For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic
37、 daughter products of the decay-in this case strontium atoms-diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled be
38、low that critical “blocking“ temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last coole
39、d below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments-rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediment
40、s, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves. Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium
41、 is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves. Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, co
42、smic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14. 31 What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon? （ A） They can be made into clocks. （ B） They are rich in content. （ C） Their decay
43、is slow but regular. （ D） The products of their decay are the same. 32 What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating? （ A） The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature. （ B） The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature. （ C） The decay pro
44、duced a. neutron and an electron. （ D） The decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature. 33 What is the limitation of the rubidium method? （ A） Rubidium is everywhere in the rock. （ B） Strontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature. （ C） It cannot date sediments. （ D） It is time-co
45、nsuming. 34 Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating? （ A） the number of the mineral pores （ B） the number of missing argon atoms （ C） external temperature （ D） mineral temperature 35 The underlined word “cosmic“ in the last paragraph is closest in mea
46、ning to _. （ A） radioactive （ B） organic （ C） terrestrial （ D） universal 35 In Platos Utopia, there are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of t
47、he legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. Each has a wider meaning than at present: “music“ means everything that is in the province of the muses, and “gymnastics“ means everything concerned with physical trai
48、ning fitness. “Music“ is almost as wide as what is now called “culture“, and “gymnastics“ is somewhat wider than what “athletics“ mean in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was,
49、 in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Platos Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules were unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. There is to be a rigid censorship from
