1、2013年 12月大学英语四级真题试卷（一）及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture Mow. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why education doesnt simply mean learning to obtain
2、information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Section A （ A） The woman is now working in a kindergarten. （ B） The man will soon start a business of his own. （ C） The man would like to be a high school teacher. （ D） The woman is going to major in child education. （ A） T
3、he furniture has to be rearranged. （ B） The sound equipment has to be set up. （ C） The conference room has to be cleaned. （ D） The video machine has to be checked. （ A） She is exhausted. （ B） She is near-sighted. （ C） She cannot finish work in time. （ D） She cannot go straight home. （ A） The woman i
4、s too particular about food. （ B） He would rather have a meal an hour later. （ C） The woman should order her food quickly. （ D） He usually prefers ice-cream to sandwiches. （ A） He is not a good mechanic. （ B） He doesnt keep his promises. （ C） He spends his spare time doing repairs. （ D） He is always
5、 ready to offer help to others. （ A） Sam has a big family to support. （ B） Sam is not interested in traveling. （ C） The pay offered by the travel agency is too low. （ D） The work hours in the travel agency are too long. （ A） International trade. （ B） Product development. （ C） Financial consulting. （
6、 D） Domestic retailing. （ A） Go on a business trip. （ B） Look for a job in Miami. （ C） Make a ticket reservation. （ D） Take a vacation. （ A） It is located on Route 18. （ B） It has an interesting museum. （ C） It is a beautiful little town. （ D） It lies seven miles east of Newton. （ A） They are in opp
7、osite directions. （ B） They are fifty-five miles apart. （ C） They are quite close to each other. （ D） They are a long drive from Norwalk. （ A） They are connected by Route 7. （ B） They are crowded with tourists. （ C） They have lots of old houses. （ D） They have many rare plants. （ A） Bring him up to
8、date on the current situation in Milan. （ B） Inform him of the arrangements for his trip in Italy. （ C） Fetch the documents signed by Mr Gartner. （ D） Accompany Mr Gartner to the Linate airport. （ A） About 8:30. （ B） About 6:30. （ C） About 5:30. （ D） About 4:15. （ A） Mr Gartner from Milan. （ B） Gian
9、ni Riva at Megastar. （ C） The companys sales representative. （ D） Gavin from the Chamber of Commerce. （ A） Travel agent. （ B） Business manager. （ C） Secretary. （ D） Saleswoman. Section B （ A） She had a desire to help others. （ B） She wanted to find out more about it. （ C） She needed some overseas ex
10、perience. （ D） She was interested in farming. （ A） Carry out a cultural exchange program. （ B） Work on an agricultural project. （ C） Learn Portuguese. （ D） Teach English. （ A） She found it difficult to secure a job in her own country. （ B） She wanted to renew her contact with the Peace Corps. （ C） S
11、he was invited to work as an English teacher. （ D） She could not get the country out of her mind. （ A） By teaching additional English classes. （ B） By writing stories for American newspapers. （ C） By working part time for the Peace Corps. （ D） By doing odd jobs for local institutions. （ A） Time spen
12、t exercising. （ B） Time spent working. （ C） Time spent on leisure activities. （ D） Time spent with friends and family. （ A） Reading. （ B） Surfing the Web. （ C） Eating out. （ D） Watching TV. （ A） Driving. （ B） Gardening. （ C） Going to the pub. （ D） Visiting friends. （ A） The car driver was trying to
13、avoid hitting a rabbit. （ B） The car driver was partly responsible for the accident. （ C） McLaughlin was talking to his manager while driving. （ D） McLaughlins carelessness resulted in the collision. （ A） He crashed into a car parked there. （ B） He knocked down several mailboxes. （ C） He tore down t
14、he companys main gate. （ D） He did serious damage to a loaded truck. （ A） He will lose his job. （ B） He will have to pay damages. （ C） He will be fined heavily. （ D） He will receive retraining. Section C 26 When Captain Cook asked the chiefs in Tahiti why they always ate【 B1】 _, they replied, “Becau
15、se it is right.“ If we ask Americans why they eat with knives and forks, or why their men wear pants【 B2】 _ skirts, or why they may be married to only one person at a time, we are likely to get【 B3】 _and very uninformative answers: “Because its right. “ “Because thats the way its done. “ “Because it
16、s the【 B4】 _“ Or even “I dont know. “ The reason for these and countless other patterns of social behavior is that they are【 B5】 _ by social norms shared rules or guidelines which prescribe the behavior that is appropriate in a given situation. Norms【 B6】 _how people “ought“ to behave under particul
17、ar circumstances in a particular society. We conform(遵守 )to norms so readily that we are hardly aware they【 B7】 _In fact, we are much more likely to notice【 B8】 _from norms than conformity to them. You would not be surprised if a stranger tried to shake hands when you were introduced, but you might
18、be a little【 B9】 _ if they bowed, started to stroke you, or kissed you on both【 B10】 _Yet each of these other forms of greeting is appropriate in other parts of the world. When we visit another society whose norms are different, we quickly become aware that things we do this way, they do that way. 2
19、7 【 B1】 28 【 B2】 29 【 B3】 30 【 B4】 31 【 B5】 32 【 B6】 33 【 B7】 34 【 B8】 35 【 B9】 36 【 B10】 Section A 36 What does it take to be a well-trained nurse? The answer used to be two-year associates or four-year bachelors degree programs. But as the nursing shortage【 C1】_, a growing number of schools and ho
20、spitals arc establishing “fast-track programs“ that enable college graduates with no nursing【 C2】 _to become registered nurses with only a year or so of【 C3】 _training. In 1991, there were only 40 fast-track curricula; now there are more than 200. Typical is Columbia Universitys Entry to Practice pr
21、ogram. Students earn their bachelor of science in nursing in a year. Those who stay on for an【 C4】 _two years can earn a masters degree that【 C5】 _them as nurse practitioners(执业护士 )or clinical nurse specialists. Many students are recent【 C6】 _; others are career switchers. Rudy Guardron, 32, a 2004
22、graduate of Columbias program, was a premedical student in college and then worked for a pharmaceutical(药物的 )research company. At Columbia, he was【 C7】_as a nurse practitioner. “I saw that nurses were in high【 C8】 _and it looked like a really good opportunity,“ he says. “Also, I didnt want to be in
23、school for that long.“ The fast-track trend fills a need, but its also creating some【 C9】 _between newcomers and veterans. “Nurses that are still at the bedside【 C10】 _these kids with suspicion,“ says Linda Pellico, who has taught nursing at Yale University for 18 years. “They wonder, how can they d
24、o it quicker?“ The answer is they dont. A)additional F)explores K)specialized B)applied G)graduates L)tension C)demand H)operations M)trained D)excessive I)promote N)view E)experience J)qualifies O)worsens 37 【 C1】 38 【 C2】 39 【 C3】 40 【 C4】 41 【 C5】 42 【 C6】 43 【 C7】 44 【 C8】 45 【 C9】 46 【 C10】 Sec
25、tion B 46 The rise of the sharing economy A)Last night 40 000 people rented accommodation from a service that offers 250 000 rooms in 30 000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain.
26、 Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in 2008 more than 4 million people have used it 2.5 million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new “sharing economy“, in which people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets di
27、rectly from each other, co-ordinated via the internet. B)You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast(家庭旅店 ), owning a timeshare(分时度假房 )or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever and theref
28、ore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually
29、 more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb. RelayRidcs and SnapGoods match up owners and renters; smartphones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the
30、 billing. Whats mine is yours, for a fee C)Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc(临时的 )taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel(精品酒店 )as and when it suits them. Just go online or download an app. The model work
31、s for items that are expensive to buy and are widely owned by people who do not make full use of them. Bedrooms and cars are the most obvious examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in Sweden, fields in Australia and washing machines in France. As advocates of the sharing economy like to put
32、it, access trumps(胜过 )ownership. D)Rachel Botsman, the author of a book on the subject, says the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $ 26 billion. Broader definitions of the sharing economy include peer-to-peer lending or putting a solar panel on your roof and selling power back to th
33、e grid(电网 ). And it is not just individuals: the web makes it easier for companies to rent out spare offices and idle machines, too. But the core of the sharing economy is people renting things from each other. E)Such “collaborative(合作的 )consumption“ is a good thing for several reasons. Owners make
34、money from underused assets. Airbnb says hosts in San Francisco who rent out their homes do so for an average of 58 nights a year, making $9 300. Car owners who rent their vehicles to others using RelayRides make an average of $ 250 a month; some make more than $ 1 000. Renters, meanwhile, pay less
35、than they would if they bought the item themselves, or turned to a traditional provider such as a hotel or car-hire firm. And there are environmental benefits, too: renting a car when you need it, rather than owning one, means fewer cars are required and fewer resources must be devoted to making the
36、m. F)For sociable souls, meeting new people by staying in their homes is part of the charm. Curmudgeons(倔脾气的人 )who imagine that every renter is a murderer can still stay at conventional hotels. For others, the web fosters trust. As well as the background checks carried out by platform owners, online
37、 reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties to each transaction, which makes it easy to spot bad drivers, bathrobe-thieves and surfboard-wreckers. By using Facebook and other social networks, participants can check each other out and identify friends(or friends of friends)in common. An A
38、irbnb user had her apartment trashed in 2011. But the remarkable thing is how well the system usually works. Peering into the future G)The sharing economy is a little like online shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At first, people were worried about security. But having made a successf
39、ul purchase from, say, Amazon, they felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a car-hire service for the first time encourages people to try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started out as a peer-to-peer marketplace, it is now dominated by professional “power sellers“(many o
40、f whom started out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with the sharing economy, which also provides new opportunities for enterprise. Some people have bought cars solely to rent them out, for example. H)Existing rental businesses are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share
41、 in a sharing rival. So do GM and Daimler, two carmakers. In future, companies may develop hybrid(混合的 )models, listing excess capacity(whether vehicles, equipment or office space)on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past, new ways of doing things online have not displaced the old ways entirely. But
42、they have often changed them. Just as internet shopping forced Wal-mart and Tesco to adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism, equipment-hire and more. I)The main worry is regulatory uncertainty. Will room-renters be subject to hotel taxes, for example? In Amsterdam officials are us
43、ing Airbnb listings to track down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities, peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that although some rules need to be updated to protect consumers from harm, existing rental businesses will try to destroy
44、 competition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax, of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate. J)The sharing economy is the latest example of the internets value to consumers. This emer
45、ging model is now big and disruptive(颠覆性的 )enough for regulators and companies to have woken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It is time to start caring about sharing. 47 Sharing items such as cars does good to the environment. 48 Airbnbs success clearly illustrates the emergence o
46、f a huge sharing economy. 49 The major concern about the sharing economy is how the government regulates it. 50 The most frequently shared items are those expensive to buy but not fully used. 51 The sharing economy has a promising future. 52 Online sharing will change the way business is done in tra
47、nsportation, travel, rentals, etc. 53 Airbnb is a website that enables owners and renters to complete transactions online. 54 The sharing economy is likely to go the way of online shopping. 55 One advantage of sharing is that owners earn money from renting out items not made full use of. 56 Sharing
48、appeals to the sociable in that they can meet new people. Section C 56 In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of th
49、e food in front of us. Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV(or a similar distraction)can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption. A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, peoples hunger levels were predicted not by how much theyd eate
