1、BEC商务英语（高级）阅读模拟试卷 101及答案与解析 一、 PART ONE 0 Look at the statements below and at the five extracts from an article about loss of control downward in management.Which article(A, B, C, D or E)does each statement 18 refer to?For each statement 1 8, mark one letter(A, B, C, D or E)on your Answer Sheet.You
2、will need to use some of these letters more than once.There is an example at the beginning, (0).AManagers control other employees. This is a vital function of management that varies only in degree and style. One area of change threatens to reduce the degree substantially: the “dilution“ of control d
3、ownward. A key function from the beginning, control shares the collective essence of management with planning, organizing, staffing, and directing. Some would add two more: innovating and representing. Today, many prefer a less autocratic-sounding word, but the logic remains convincing: Somebody mus
4、t “run things“. By implication, monitoring that process is also necessary if an effective, profitable organization is to be realized.BSome control has already been diluted when the authority to make decisions in the bosss name is delegated. Needed especially as organizations grow larger, delegation
5、almost inevitably generates tension. Managers know they should and must delegate, for many reasons. No matter how skilled and experienced, one person can neither do everything nor make all necessary decisions. Even if that superhuman ability existed, the development of promotable subordinates would
6、be compromised.CRegardless of how necessary and desirable, however, delegation remains difficult. Typically, managers view letting a “less qualified person“ do the job as illogical. They also fear potential loss of power and control. Despite such resistance, recent years have seen greater pressure t
7、o delegate. Those who like to invent terminology might call the new situation “delegation-plus“, or perhaps “macro-delegation“. Even the basic word might be ready for retirement.DIn other words, long-existing delegation of authority down the chain of command has been supplemented greatly by widespre
8、ad “empowerment“. Decision-making has been “pushed downward“ with a vengeance. Emphasis has been placed on decentralization and multiple teams. Causes are both philosophical and practical. Some see a pervasive paradigm shift. A vigorous effort is being made in benchmark firms not only to seek consta
9、ntly better ways to do things but to do so more democratically, for assumed long-run effectiveness. One way to do this is to push organizational decision-making downward. Practically speaking, this effort is complemented by widespread downsizing. The restructuring that accompanies it often means red
10、ucing the number of middle managers. In the resulting “flat“ organizations, those who remain wield broader spans of control or management, meaning they have more people to supervise.EDespite its popularity and even urgency, downward shifting provokes serious questions. Is it possible to reduce a man
11、agers operational control too much? Is the concept of “diminishing returns“ likely, as in economic theory? The trend has been long ongoing; if that point does exist, how close are we? Is endless decentralization logical? Delegation per se does not have to compromise management control; should not, i
12、n fact, provided the needed skill exists. But the danger is always present. 1 However managers are afraid of losing control, the pressure to delegate has been seen recently. 2 With the development of companies, more decision-makings are authorized in the bosss name. 3 Companies should place their em
13、phasis on decentralization and group work for philosophical and practical reasons. 4 Definition of controlling reflects a democratic aspect of management. 5 Empowerment is a good supplement to the delegation of authority downward. 6 Though it is popular and urgent, downward shifting in management ra
14、ises many serious questions. 7 More rights have to be given to promotable subordinates, even though the boss is competent. 8 Though nowadays many people like a more collective-sounding word, running and monitoring is also significant. 二、 PART TWO 8 Read this text taken from an article about the conc
15、ept of strategy of competitions.Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps.For each gap 9 14, mark one letter(A H)on your Answer Sheet.Do not use any letter more than once.There is an example at the beginning, (0). The Beginning of Natural CompetitionCompetition existed long before strategy:
16、It began with life itself. The first one-cell organizations required certain resources for maintenance of life. When those resources were adequate, each generation became greater in number than the preceding one.(0)_H But as life evolved, single-celled life became a food resource for more complex li
17、fe, with greater complexity, each level became the resource for the next higher level. When two competitors were in perpetual competition, one inevitably displaced the other, unless something prevented it. (9)_Over millions of years, a complex web of competitive interaction developed. Today, more th
18、an a million distinct species have been catalogued.(10)_They are believed to be millions more such variations of species as yet unclassified. Since each of these competitors must be unique, the abundance of variations must match an equal variation in potential factors which define a niche and the va
19、ried characteristics in the environment which make that combination effective. (11)_For millions of years natural competitions involved no strategy. It was natural selection: adaptation and survival of the fittest.(12)_.Those who left relatively few offspring became displaced. Those who adapted best
20、 displaced that rest.(13)_.The awareness of natural competition as a systematic effect is centuries old. Malthus quoted Benjamin Franklins observation about the crowding out of natural competition. Darwin himself credited Malthus with the insight. Wallace and Darwin, separated by thousands of miles,
21、 simultaneously developed the concept of natural selection by competition.(14)_.Its known that only primates possess imagination and the ability to reason logically. But without these capabilities, behavior and tactics are either intuitive or the result of conditioned reflexes. Strategy is impossibl
22、e. Strategy depends upon the ability to foresee the future consequences of present intuitions. A Random chance determined the mutations and variations that survived and succeeded to compound their numbers.B In the absence of some counterbalancing force that maintained a stable equilibrium between tw
23、o competitors by giving each an advantage in his own territory, only one survived.C True strategy was probably first practiced by one tribe attempting to take over the hunting grounds of another tribe.D The richer the environment, the more severe the competition and greater the number of competitors
24、.E Physical and structural characteristics adapted, but behavior adapted also and became embedded in instinctual reactions.F Each has a unique advantage in competition for its required resources with its particular niche of the environment.G Darwin emphasized repeatedly the overriding importance of
25、competitive: It is awesome in its potential for evolution.H If there had been no limitation on required resources, exponential growth would lead to infinite numbers. 三、 PART THREE 14 Read the following extract from an article about Security Markets. For each question 15 20, mark one letter(A, B. C,
26、or D)on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. Stocks may be purchased in either the primary or the secondary market. The primary market is a market in which all investor purchases financial securities(via an investment bank or other representative)directly from the issuer of those securities.
27、 Usually, an investment-banking firm an organization that assists corporations in raising funds is involved in the marketing and distribution process. A corporation can also obtain equity by selling securities directly to current stockholders. The secondary market involves transactions for existing
28、securities that are currently traded between investors and are usually bought and sold through a securities exchange or the over-the-counter market. Securities exchanges are marketplaces where members buy and sell securities for their clients. The New York Stock Exchange is the largest in the United
29、 States; it accounts for about 50 percent of stock bought and sold in the United States. Other securities exchanges include the American Stock Exchange and several regional exchanges. The over-the-counter market is a network of account executives(stockbrokers)who buy and sell the securities that are
30、 not traded in exchanges. If you invest in securities, chances are that you will use the services of an account executive who works for a brokerage firm. Most full-service account executives not only process your orders to buy and sell securities but also provide valuable information and advice. For
31、 these services, they are paid a commission based on the size and value of the transaction. An investor should choose an account executive who is ethical, compatible, and able to provide the level of service required by the investor. Personal investment planning begins with formulating measurable an
32、d realistic investment goals. A personal investment plan is then designed to implement those goals. Many financial planners suggest, as a first step, that the investor establish an emergency fund equivalent to three to six months living expenses. Then additional funds may be invested according to th
33、e investment plan. Finally, all investments should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, the investment plan should be modified. Depending on their particular investment goals, investors seek varying degrees of safety, income, growth, and liquidity from their investments. Safety is, in essence,
34、freedom from the risk of loss. Generally, the greater the risk, the greater should be the potential return on all investment. Income is the periodic return from all investment. Growth is an increase in the value of the investment. Liquidity is defined as the ease with which an asset can be converted
35、 into cash. Among the traditional investment alternatives are bank accounts, corporate bonds, government bonds, common stock, preferred stock, mutual funds, and real estate. High-risk investment techniques can provide greater returns, but they entail greater risk of loss. They include buying stock o
36、n margin, selling short, and trading incommodities and options. Information on securities and the firms that issue them can be obtained from the newspapers, brokerage-firm reports, business periodicals, corporate reports, and investors services. Most local newspapers report daily securities transact
37、ions and stock indexes, or averages. The averages indicate price trends but reveal nothing about the performance of individual stocks. State and federal regulations protect investors from unscrupulous securities trading practices. Federal laws, which are enforced by the Securities and Exchange Commi
38、ssion, require the registration of new securities, the publication and distribution of prospectuses, and the registration of brokers and securities dealers. These laws apply to securities listed on the national security exchanges, to mutual funds, and to some OTC stocks. 15 Which of the following st
39、atement is not true about account executives? （ A） Most full-service account executives can process your orders to buy and sell securities. （ B） You can pay the full-service account executives commission whatever you wish. （ C） Full-service account executives should be ethnical, compatible and able
40、to provide the level of service required by the investor. （ D） Most full-service account executives can provide valuable information and advice. 16 What is the first step before a personal investment as many financial planners suggest? （ A） Establishing an emergency funds equivalent to three to six
41、months living expenses. （ B） Finding a full-service account executive. （ C） Making a personal investment plan. （ D） Formulating measurable and realistic investment goals. 17 Which of the following statement is not true about the risk? （ A） The greater the risk, the greater should be the potential re
42、turn on an investment. （ B） The greater the risk, the higher the degree of safety. （ C） High-risk investment can provide greater returns. （ D） High-risk investment may bring greater risk of loss. 18 Which of the following belongs to traditional investment? （ A） Corporate bonds and buying stock on ma
43、rgin. （ B） Preferred stock and selling short. （ C） Government bonds and common stock. （ D） Trading in commodities and options. 19 Which of the following is not true about federal laws? （ A） Federal laws are enforced by the Securities and Exchange Commission. （ B） Federal laws apply to securities lis
44、ted on the national security exchanges. （ C） Federal laws apply to mutual funds and all of OTC. stocks. （ D） Federal laws require the registration of new securities. 20 Which of the following terms is not mentioned in the passage? （ A） Primary market and secondary market. （ B） Securities exchange an
45、d the over-the-counter market. （ C） Investment-banking firm and stock averages. （ D） The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. 四、 PART FOUR 20 Read the article below about sales promotion, and the questions.Choose the correct word or phrase to fill each gap from A, B. C, or D.For each question 21 30,
46、mark one letter(A, B, C. or D)on your Answer Sheet.There is an example at the beginning, (0). Sales PromotionPromotion is any activity that encourages the(0)A of a good or service. Managers must determine how much they are going to(21)_promotion and what tools they will use. The promotional mix, or
47、plan, utilizes personal selling, advertising, and sales promotion to deliver the message. Public relations and all types of(22)_that attract customer attention to the product also become part of the mix.Promotion is most important in the products introduction and maturity stages. In introduction, th
48、e market is unaware of the product and therefore uninterested; promotion must overcome(23)_and generate interest. In the maturity stage, competition is stiff, and the promotion must show how a product is different or(24)_. Promotional mix policies are affected by promotional program objectives, impl
49、ementation strategies, (25)_ of program effectiveness, and the promotional budget.The key(26)_of promotion are to provide information, stimulate demand, highlight values and stabilize sales. Promotion must(27)_ the market about what is available, the characteristics of the product or service, and how to use it. Increasing demand for a product is probably the most typical objective of promotion. Promotion tries to get consumers to(28)_, look for, examine, try, and purchase the product. Status-oriented ad
