1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 26及答案与解析 0 Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980s to increased partici- pation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangem
2、ents. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting employers account for the rise in tempo- rary employment. One factor is product dema
3、nd: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labors reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyse
4、s, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating ben
5、efit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference. 1 The primary purpose of the pas
6、sage is to （ A） present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies. （ B） explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences. （ C） identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it. （ D） outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate
7、one of them. （ E） describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy. 2 According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers“ that are mentioned in lines 13-14? （ A） Most experts cite them as having initiated the
8、 growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980s. （ B） They may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980s. （ C） They were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980s. （ D） They i
9、ncluded a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980s. （ E） They are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980s. 3 The passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the 1
10、980s? （ A） It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product demand far more efficiently than they before the 1980s. （ B） It increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demographic groups. （ C） It was discouraged by government-mandated policies. （ D） It was a respons
11、e to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements. （ E） It increased partly as a result of workers reduced ability to control the terms of their employment. 4 The passage suggests which of the following about the workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980s?
12、（ A） Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms. （ B） They constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested. （ C） They were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions. （ D） Their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of p
13、ermanent employees. （ E） They did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment . 5 The first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following? （ A） That the number of new temporary positions would de
14、cline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce. （ B） That the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions. （ C） That employers would have less control over the terms of workers employment as workers increa
15、sed their bargaining strength. （ D） That more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased. （ E） That the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce. 6 In the context of the passage, t
16、he word “excessive“(line 29)most closely corresponds to which of the following phrases? （ A） Far more than can be justified by worker preferences. （ B） Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand. （ C） Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves. （ D）
17、Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy. （ E） Far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce. 7 The passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT （ A） getting firms to offer tempora
18、ry employment primarily to a certain group of people. （ B） encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees. （ C） facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions. （ D） establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ. （ E） ensu
19、ring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers. 7 Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this r
20、elative constancy. The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic cli- matic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not
21、be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod(daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory the density-independent view asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region. A s
22、econd theory argues that population growth is primarily density-de- pendent that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers in- crease, the food supply would probably diminis
23、h, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise i
24、n numbers may bring about hor- monal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One c
25、hallenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding. A third theory, proposed by Wynne- Edwards and termed “epideic-tic,“ argues that organisms have evolved a “code“in the form of social or epideic- tic behavior displays, s
26、uch as winterroosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, ex- ercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been chall
27、enged, with some justification, by several studies. 8 The primary purpose of the passage is to （ A） argue against those scientists who maintain that animal populations tend to fluctuate. （ B） compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic theories of population control. （ C） provide examp
28、le of some of the ways in which animals exercise reproductive restraint to control their own numbers. （ D） suggests that theories of population control that concentrate on the social behavior of animals are more open to debate than are theories that do not. （ E） summarize a number of scientific theo
29、ries that attempt to explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits. 9 It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the density-dependent theory of population control have not yet been able to （ A） use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life
30、cycles. （ B） reproduce the results of the study of Christian and Davis. （ C） explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the populations rate of growth decreases. （ D） make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding. （ E） demonstrate how predator populatio
31、ns are themselves regulated. 10 Which of the following, if true, would best support the density-dependent theory of population control as it is described in the passage? （ A） As the number of foxes in Minnesota decrease, the growth rate of this population of foxes begins to increase. （ B） As the num
32、ber of woodpeckers in Vermont decreases, the growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to decrease. （ C） As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma increases, the growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to increase. （ D） After the number of beavers in Tennessee decr
33、eases, the number of predators of these beavers begins to increase. （ E） After the number of eagles in Montana decreases, the food supply of this population of eagles also begins to decrease. 11 According to the Wynne Edwards theory as it is described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays ser
34、ve the function of （ A） determining roosting aggregations. （ B） locating food. （ C） attracting predators. （ D） regulating sexual activity. （ E） triggering hormonal changes. 12 The challenge posed to the Wynne - Edwards theory by several studies is regarded by the author with （ A） complete indifferen
35、ce. （ B） qualified acceptance. （ C） skeptical amusement. （ D） perplexed astonishment. （ E） agitated dismay. 13 Which of the following statements would provide the most of logical continuation of the final paragraph of the passage? （ A） Thus Wynne Edwards theory raises serious questions about the con
36、stancy of animal population in a region. （ B） Because Wynne- Edwards theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted. （ C） The results of one study, for instance, have suggested tha
37、t group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density. （ D） Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population size. （ E） One study, for example, has demonstrated that
38、birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size. 13 In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that f
39、ield were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide wh
40、ich of these to assign to students; non-experts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position. A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian American
41、s , such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses(and professors in related fields)to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through moun-
42、tains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information
43、 necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material. 14 The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following? （ A） Recommending a methodology. （ B） Describing a course of study. （ C） Discussing a problem. （ D） Evaluating a past course of action. （ E） Responding to
44、a criticism. 15 The “dilemma“ mentioned in line 3 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a （ A） lack of acceptable alternatives. （ B） lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives. （ C） preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good.
45、 （ D） multitude of different alternatives. （ E） large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content. 16 The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 19 23 complicates professors attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which o
46、f the following ways? （ A） By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture. （ B） By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent
47、 and understandable to students. （ C） By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field. （ D） Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources. （ E） By making it more necessary for profes
48、sors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture. 17 The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago? （ A） The range of different textboo
49、ks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited. （ B） The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students. （ C） Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses. （ D） Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field. （ E） Few students wanted to take such courses. 18 According to the passage, the existence of good one volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in （ A） increased agreement among
