1、GRE（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 5及答案与解析 SECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 0 The decrea
2、se in responsiveness that follows continuous stimulation (adaptation) is common to all sensory systems, including olfaction. With continued exposure to chronically present ambient odors, individuals perception of odor intensity is greatly reduced. Moreover, these perceptual changes can be profound a
3、nd durable. It is commonly reported that following extended absences from the odorous environment, reexposure may still fail to elicit perception at the original intensity. Most research on olfactory adaptation examines relatively transient changes in stimulus detection or perceived intensityrarely
4、exceeding several hours and often lessbut because olfactory adaptation can be produced with relatively short exposures, these durations are sufficient for investigating many parameters of the phenomenon. However, exposures to odors in natural environments often occur over far longer periods, and the
5、 resulting adaptations may differ qualitatively from short-term olfactory adaptation. For example, studies show that even brief periods of odorant stimulation produce transient reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium, a process termed “receptor fatigue.” Prolonged odor stimulation, howev
6、er, could produce more long-lasting reductions in response, possibly involving structures higher in the central nervous system pathway. 1 According to the passage, the phenomenon of olfactory adaptation may cause individuals who are reexposed to an odorous environment after an extended absence to （
7、A） experience a heightened perception of the odor （ B） perceive the odor as being less intense than it was upon first exposure （ C） return to their original level of perception of the odor （ D） exhibit a decreased tolerance for the odorous environment （ E） experience the phenomenon of adaptation in
8、other sensory systems 2 The passage asserts which of the following about the exposures involved in the “research on olfactory adaptation”? （ A） The exposures are of long enough duration for researchers to investigate many aspects of olfactory adaptation. （ B） The exposures have rarely consisted of r
9、eexposures following extended absences from the odorous environment. （ C） The exposures are intended to reproduce the relatively transient olfactory changes typical of exposures to odors in natural environments. （ D） Those exposures of relatively short duration are often insufficient to produce the
10、phenomenon of receptor fatigue in study subjects. （ E） Those exposures lasting several hours produce reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium that are similar to the reductions caused by prolonged odor stimulation. 3 The author of the passage discusses “receptor fatigue” primarily in orde
11、r to （ A） explain the physiological process through which long-lasting reductions in response are thought to be produced （ B） provide an example of a process that subjects would probably not experience during a prolonged period of odorant stimulation （ C） help illustrate how the information gathered
12、 from most olfactory research may not be sufficient to describe the effects of extended exposures to odors （ D） show how studies of short-term olfactory adaptation have only accounted for the reductions in response that follow relatively brief absences from an odorous environment （ E） qualify a stat
13、ement about the severity and duration of the perceptual changes caused by exposure to chronically present ambient odors 3 The “deindustrialization” thesis of Bluestone and Harrison asserts that the replacement of domestic with foreign manufacturing begun by United States corporations in the late 196
14、0s resulted in a “hollowing out” of American industry, whereby workers displaced from manufacturing jobs through massive plant closings found themselves moving more or less permanently into lower-paying, less secure jobs or into unemployment. Critics of the deindustrialization thesis have argued tha
15、t new service and high-technology sectors of the United States economy have recently created a substantial number of jobs. While these critics do not deny the painful aspects of this transition from an industrial to a service- and information-based economy, they argue that it will be short-term, and
16、 a necessary evil if the United States is to have long-term increases in living standards. Critics of the emerging economy, however, point to disturbing evidence of an “hourglass” effect: a shrinking middle tier of managerial and blue-collar unionized workers and consequent polarization of incomes.
17、The emergence of a technical and financial elite, they argue, has brought forth a host of low-wage jobs to service the new economy, and it is this service sector that many ex-industrial workers must seek. 4 The purpose of the passage is to （ A） analyze the events that contributed to an economic phen
18、omenon （ B） present different views on the nature and impact of an economic phenomenon （ C） distinguish between the short-term and long-term effects of an economic phenomenon （ D） challenge a dominant theory about how to solve the problems created by an economic phenomenon （ E） present new evidence
19、to suggest that an economic phenomenon is more complex than had previously been believed 5 Which of the following, if true, would most tend to weaken the deindustrialization thesis of Bluestone and Harrison? （ A） a survey of the spouses of former industrial workers reveals a significant increase in
20、the number of working spouses since the mid-1960s. （ B） data from the most recent United States census show that fewer individuals list their occupation as industrial worker than in the census from ten years earlier. （ C） a random survey of United States consumers indicates that a majority of those
21、surveyed would prefer to buy United States-manufacturing goods if given the opportunity. （ D） A recent study indicates that large numbers of former industrial workers have retrained and found employment as skilled, highly-paid computer workers. （ E） Interviews with representatives at major agencies
22、for temporary employment in the United States suggest that they value the skills of former industrial workers. 6 It can be inferred from the passage that the highlighted “critics” believe which of the following about “hourglass” effect? （ A） It involves the relegation of industrial workers to less d
23、esirable jobs. （ B） It requires that workers make short-term sacrifices to achieve long-term gains. （ C） It affects non-unionized workers more strongly than it does unionized workers. （ D） It represents an increase in unemployment for those in the service sector. （ E） It threatens the status of the
24、technological and financial elite. 6 The revival of mural painting that has occurred in San Francisco since the 1970s, especially among the Chicano population of the citys Mission District, has marked differences from its social realist forerunner in Mexico and the United States some 40 years earlie
25、r. Rather than being government sponsored and limited to murals on government buildings, the contemporary mural movement sprang from the people themselves, with murals appearing on community buildings and throughout college campuses. Perhaps the biggest difference, however, is the process. In earlie
26、r twentieth-century Mexico, murals resulted from the vision of individual artists. But todays murals are characteristically the products of artists working with local residents on design and creation. Such community engagement is characteristic of the Chicano art movement as a whole, which evolved f
27、rom the same foundations as the Chicano civil rights movement of the mid-1960s. Both were a direct response to the needs of Chicanos in the United States, who were fighting for the right to adequate education, political empowerment, and decent working conditions. Artists joined other cultural worker
28、s in making political statements and played a key role in taking these statements to the public. They developed collectives and established cultural centers that functioned as the public-relations arm of the Chicano sociopolitical movement. 7 The primary purpose of the passage is to （ A） argue for t
29、he superiority of a style of art （ B） consider the impact of an art movement （ C） describe the political content of a certain works of art （ D） detail the characteristic style of an art movement （ E） place an art movement in its historical context 8 According to the passage, which of the following s
30、tatements about the “cultural centers” is true? （ A） They were the venue where many later leaders of the Chicano civil rights movement first became politically active. （ B） Though later widespread, they originated in San Francisco area. （ C） Springing up in a number of communities, they initially ha
31、d largely apolitical goals centered on art instruction. （ D） They constituted the nucleus from which the Chicano civil rights movement originated. （ E） Founded by artists, they provided support for the Chicano civil rights movement. 9 Which of the following best describes the relationship between th
32、e first paragraph and the second paragraph of the passage? （ A） The first focuses on the mural artists as individuals; the second, on their actions as a group. （ B） The first compares the mural revival with an earlier artistic movement; the second describes the context contemporary to the revival （
33、C） The first defines the revival by distinguishing it from an earlier artistic movement; the second addresses the political goals of both the revival and its forerunner （ D） The first presents an apparently plausible account of the relationship between the revival and is forerunner, the second calls
34、 that account into question （ E） The first is concerned with the artistic aims and ambitions behind the San Francisco murals; the second considers their political significance 9 Many researchers attribute the large number of physiological and behavioral similarities between birds and mammals, which
35、have separate evolutionary histories, to endothermy (a thermoregulatory strategy whereby warm body temperature is maintained through internal heat sources). However, Farmer argues that parental care rather than endothermy is the key to understanding the similarities between mammals and birds. Accord
36、ing to Farmer, while endothermy provides an explanation for a few similarities, such as the presence of body insulation, endothermy is just one characteristic among many related to parental care. The two purported advantages of endothermy that have been most frequently cited by researchers are an ex
37、panded range of inhabitable environments and the ability to sustain vigorous exercise. But metabolism has to increase substantially (at great energy cost) therefore conferring any significant thermoregulatory advantage in terms of the former, and there is no causal biological linkage to explain why
38、endothermy would be essential to sustain exercise. Farmer argues instead that endothermy evolved as a means to control incubation temperature and that the ability to sustain exercise evolved separately, as a means to improve a parents ability to forage and provision its young. 10 The primary purpose
39、 of the passage is to （ A） present a scientific theory that challenges a widely held theory （ B） summarize the basis for a large body of scientific research （ C） defend an established scientific theory in light of recent criticism （ D） express skepticism about the results obtained by a particular re
40、searcher （ E） compare the results of two particular scientific studies 11 Which of the following best characterizes the organization of the passage as a whole? （ A） A position is noted, an alternative to that position is introduced, and then several points in support of the alternative are discussed
41、. （ B） A theory is discussed, an inconsistency within that theory is illustrated, and then a recommendation is made for further inquiry. （ C） Certain research results are described, the significance of those results is explained, and then a novel interpretation of those results is summarized. （ D） A
42、 question is posed, a possible answer to that question is suggested, and then evidence is provided to corroborate that answer. （ E） A debate is outlined, contrasting viewpoints within the debate are discussed, and then one viewpoint is demonstrated to be correct. 12 According to the passage, Farmer
43、concedes that endothermy provides an explanation for which of the following features shared by birds and mammals? （ A） The ability to forage （ B） The ability to sustain exercise （ C） The instinct to care for offspring （ D） Flexibility in habitat usage （ E） Body insulation GRE（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 5答案与解析 S
44、ECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 B选项同义改写第一
45、段第四句。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题定位到第二段第一句，这些研究者认为短期的刺激足够用来研究嗅觉适应性的很多参数。 A选项同义改写原文，正确。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 3 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 B provide an example of a process that subjects would probably not experience during a prolonged period of odorant stimulation提供一个过程的例子，这个过程是研究对象在长期气味刺激中不会经历的过程。 解析：根据本文，最后两句，长
46、期刺激和短期刺激产生的结果虽然不同，但是要接受长期刺激，意味着必然已经接受了短期刺激，所以对于接受长期刺激的研究对象来说，先发生感受器疲劳，后影响中枢神经。 B选项错误。 C help illustrate how the information gathered from most olfactory research may not be sufficient to describe the effects of extended exposures to odors帮助证明大多数嗅觉研究所得到的信息，用于描述长期气味接触有可能不够 解析：本文通过提及 “感受器疲劳 ”说明了短期刺激和长期
47、刺激产生的结果不同，而根据第二段第一句，大多数的嗅觉研究，研究的是短期刺激。因此 “感受器疲劳 ”可以证明大多数的嗅觉研究是不够的。 C正确。 E qualify a statement about the severity and duration of the perceptual changes caused by exposure to chronically present ambient odors限定了一个关于接触长期存在的环境气味所导致感官变化的强度和时间的观点 解析：本文提及 “感受器疲劳 ”这个例子只是用来说明大多数人的研究时间是不够的，但并没有限制感官变化本身的时间和强度
48、。 E错误。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本文作者引用了三批人关于去工业化的评价，而作者本身并没有评价这三种人的观点， 只呈现了不同观点。 B正确。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 5 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据第一句， Bluestone和 Harrison的去工业化理论认为去工业化会使得工人下岗，并且进入到低收入的工作中。 D选项则说下岗工人们接受了重新训练，可以进入到更高收入的岗位中，因此该选项削弱了 Bluestone和 Harrison的观点。正确。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 6 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题定位
49、到第四、五句， “沙漏 ”效应导致两极分化严重，同时精英的出现使得很多前工 业时期的工人进入到收入更低的服务业中。因此 A正确。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 7 【正确答案】 E 【试题解析】 主旨题。本文主要是介绍了 Chicano在二十世纪七十年代的壁画复兴运动。文章主要从两个方面来介绍这个运动：第一段通过和四十年前的艺术运动对比，从时间的纵轴上定位了这个运动；而第二段则通过和同时期的政治运动建立联系，从时间的横轴上定义了这个运动，所以选项 E中的 historical context非常贴切。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 8 【正 确答案】 E 【试题解析】 细节题。定位点为题目中的 cultural centers，对应文章最后一句话。这里的 Chicano civil rights movement对应原文中的 Chicano sociopolitical movement；选项中的 Founded by artists对应原文的 They established cultural centers。答案选 E。 【知识模块】 阅读中文章 9 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 结构题。文章的第一段和第二段之间是并列关系，所以 这种结构题只需要说明每一段分别说了什么内容即可，也就是分别阐述两段的 3s版本。根据文章解析部分，答案选 B。
