1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 452及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Recycling The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum over the last decade, and the public has b
3、een influenced and become more aware of recycling. However, three essential keys are needed to power this movement. I . The first step: raise public awareness about A. recycling process a creative act to (1) _the life and usefulness of the used (1)_ B. kinds of materials that can be recycled plastic
4、 containers, glass bottles, and newspapers C. ways on how to properly (2) _rubbish (2)_ sort reusable materials from those that cant be recycled very easily establish a (3) _of collecting the sorted materials (3)_ D. (4) _of the traditional waste disposal method (4)_ expanding the rubbish dumps into
5、 agricultural land or green belt land the (5) _in consumer waste (5)_ burying rubbish in a vast deep pit lined with plastic chemicals used to speed breakdown of the rubbish returning the site (6)_rubbish in the ground to agricultural use (6)_ II. The second step: the development of technology A. pro
6、vide (7)_support for companies involved in recycling (7)_ 1. tax incentives 2. low-cost (8) _ (8)_ 3. grants to upgrade equipment and further research B. a breakthroughthe new technology to help remove ink from paper, more energy efficient and environmentally safe C. (9) _of paper-recycling (9)_ 1.
7、the difficulty in removing print from paper 2. the amount of energy 3. caustic waste III. The third step: expand the (10) _for recycled materials (10)_ SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Ques
8、tions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Simon Fanshawe presents different peoples opinions on British manners because_. （ A） he wants to let the audience know how
9、people think of manners （ B） he proves that the issue of manners is a question of individual taste （ C） he thinks how people think of social manners should be diversified （ D） he hopes to bring the attention of the audience to the public opinion 12 According to Simon, what is the truth concerning nu
10、merous rules of dos and donts? （ A） They indicate class and status. （ B） They are trip-wires for everybody. （ C） They should be known by all. （ D） They are complicated and dull. 13 According to Simon, which of the following is NOT the purpose in keeping table manners? （ A） To share food. （ B） To red
11、uce violence. （ C） To bring about comfort. （ D） To show off cultivation. 14 According to Simon, what is the influence of bad manners on people? （ A） People do not feel a big deal. （ B） People feel rather humiliated. （ C） People feel shocked and hurt. （ D） People feel angry and exasperated. 15 Accord
12、ing to Simon, when anybody is to stay in any other culture, he should do the following EXCEPT_. （ A） make clear all the detailed customs （ B） be curious and asking questions （ C） remember the fundamentals （ D） seek ways to defuse conflict SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will
13、 hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 What is the main idea of the news? （ A） People suffering from the oil spill will be compensated by BP. （ B） BP oil spill has
14、brought a serious natural disaster in the Gulf. （ C） BP has already paid $ 700 million since the start of the disaster. （ D） The fund to help victims of BP oil spill plans to pay claims quickly. 17 US president Obama met with Russian Prime Minister Putin for_. （ A） the first time （ B） the second tim
15、e （ C） the third time （ D） the fourth time 18 What can be inferred from the news? （ A） US President Obama has only focused on the world security issues in his speech. （ B） US President Obamas visit to Moscow aims to build better relations with Russia. （ C） Russia and America have reached consensus o
16、n most world security and economic issues. （ D） US President Obama has delivered a speech to graduates of a polytechnic institute. 19 An armed gang attacked buses on the border between Congo and_. （ A） Togo （ B） Cabinda （ C） Angola （ D） Zaire 20 According to the news, which of the following statemen
17、ts is INCORRECT? （ A） The bus driver has been killed by the armed gang. （ B） The number of the injured has remained unknown. （ C） The minister for Cabinda said rebels carried out the attack. （ D） No organization has claimed responsibility for the incident. 20 The FDA may rescind its approval of Avas
18、tin, a colon-cancer drug. If the summer of 2009 was the season of “death panels,“ as the debate over health-care reform exploded, this is the season of “17. 5k dead women a year. “ Thats the body count scaremongers are predicting if the Food and Drug Administration rescinds its provisional approval
19、of the drug Avastin for metastatic breast cancer, a decision expected by years end. Although the move has nothing to do with the new health-care law, uncertainty about “Obama-care“ has given opponents an opening to terrify people about whats cominglike bureaucrats rationing health care to save money
20、. The reality is far different and, for those who care more about helping cancer patients than about scoring political points, much sadder. Thats because in 2008, when the FDA gave “fast track“ approval for Avastin in breast cancer that has metastasizedusually to the lungs, bones, liver, or brainit
21、was conditional on the manufacturer, Genentech, running additional clinical trials of the drugs safety and efficacy. There was good reason for that. Avastin is an angiogenesis inhibitor, a class of cancer drugs that have not lived up to their hype: although they stop one mechanism by which malignant
22、 cells grow blood vessels to sustain them, the cells often activate a different mechanism and go on proliferating. Although Avastin does extend the lives of patients with metastatic colorectal and kidney cancer, and remains FDA-approved for those uses, the new studies show it does not work the same
23、miracle against metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Instead, Avastin increased whats called progression-free survival (how long before cancer spreads or grows) by about one to three Weeks, depending on which chemo agent it was paired with. But it did not keep women alive any longer than chemo alone. To
24、some advocates, progression-free survival without an increase in overall survival is still welcome, since it suggests patients have a better quality of life during their last months. But its hard to make that case for Avastin. Not only did it not keep women alive, but it also caused hypertension, he
25、morrhaging, bowel perforations, and other side effects. “It seems as if the drugs toxicity cancels out any benefit,“ cancer surgeon David Gorski of the Karmanos Cancer Institute told me. Perforated bowels do not equal a better quality of life. These dismal results are what led an FDA panel to vote 1
26、21 in July to rescind the conditional approval of Avastin for MBC. Critics of health-care reform, predictably, saw nefarious motivesin particular, evidence that Obamacare will ration expensive drugs. (Avastin costs some $88,000 a year, though few patients live that long.) The Wall Street Journal edi
27、torialized about the “Avastin mugging,“ and Sen. David Vitter accused the FDA of “assigning a value to a day of a persons life. “ If Avastin did extend lives for, lets say, $ 10,000 a day, Vitter might have a case. But it doesnt extend life at all. That makes allegations like the 17,500 dead women (
28、from a right-wing blag) “utter demagoguery of the most vile and despicable sort,“ Gorski wrote on the blog Science-Based Medicine. There are stories galore of women with metastatic breast cancer who are alive “because of Avastin.“ Indeed, patients have been flooding the airwaves and blogosphere with
29、 claims that Avastin helped them. But the only way to tell whether Avastin deserves the credit for keeping patients alive is through large studies. “There are always patients who live longer than average,“ biostatistician Donald Berry of the MD?Anderson Cancer Center told me. “They attribute it to t
30、he treatment; people love to make attributions.“ But when the proportion of patients alive at any given time in a study is the same whether they are receiving Avastin or notas the two large trials foundthen crediting Avastin is “very likely wrong. “ That some women did live longer on Avastin, Berry
31、explained, “may simply reflect the natural heterogeneity of the disease and say nothing about the therapy. “ Doctors can keep prescribing Avastin for metastatic breast cancer off-label, though insurers will not pay for it. Some activists welcome that. There is “no evidence of clinical benefit from A
32、vastin, yet there is harm,“ says Fran Visco, president of the National Breast Cancer Coalition. “We need to demand more of treatment before we unleash it on the public. “ Science-based medicine isnt always pretty. But its better than politics-based medicine, which is what some critics of the Avastin
33、 decision are practicingand much better than deluding ourselves into thinking something works when it doesnt. 21 What does “scaremonger“ mean in the second paragraph? （ A） A prophet who can predict what will happen in the future. （ B） A person who spreads frightening rumors and stirs up trouble. （ C
34、） A scientist who is specialized in medicine. （ D） A sociologist who is concerned about social issues. 22 Which of the following is NOT the benefit of Avastin? （ A） It can help malignant cells grow blood vessels to sustain them. （ B） It can extend the lives of patients with metastatic colorectal and
35、 kidney cancer. （ C） It can extend the lives of patients with breast cancer. （ D） It can help patients have a better quality of life during their last months. 23 Why may the FDA rescind its approval of Avastin? （ A） Because it may cause breast cancer to metastasize to other organs （ B） Because it di
36、d not keep women alive. （ C） Because it may cause side effects. （ D） Because its toxicity outweighs its benefits. 24 Opponents criticize FDAs rescinding its approval of Avastin because_. （ A） Avastin is too expensive （ B） they think Obama will ration health care to save money （ C） few women benefit
37、from the use of Avastin （ D） Avastin is effective in dealing with cancers 25 The best title of the passage is_. （ A） Its not about rationing （ B） Why the FDA may reverse course on Avastin （ C） A value to a day of a persons life （ D） Avastin, a controversial medicine 25 I have a plan that will raise
38、wages, lower prices, increase the nations stock of scientists and engineers, and maybe even create the next Google. Better yet, this plan wont cost the government a dime. In fact, it will save a lot of money. But few politicians are going to want to touch it. Heres the plan: More immigration. A path
39、way to legal status for undocumented immigrants. And a. recognition that immigration policy is economic policy, and needs to be thought of as such. See what I meant about politicians not liking it? Economists will tell you that immigrants raise wages for the average native-born worker. Theyll tell y
40、ou that they make things cheaper for us to buy here, and that if we didnt have immigrants for some of these jobs, the jobs would move to other countries. Theyll tell you that we should allow for much more highly skilled immigration, because thats about as close to a free lunch as youre likely to fin
41、d. Theyll tell you that the people who should most want a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants are the low-income workers who are most opposed to such plans. And about all this, the economists are right. There are also noneconomic considerations, of course. Integrating cultures and natio
42、nalities is difficult. Undocumented immigrants raise issues of law and fairness. Border security is important. Those questions are important. Theyre just not the subject of this column. The mistake we make when thinking about the effect immigrants have on our wages, says Giovanni Peri, an economist
43、at the University of California at Davis who has studied the issue extensively, is we imagine an economy where the number of jobs is fixed. Then, if one immigrant comes in, he takes one of those jobs or forces a worker to accept a lower wage. But thats not how our economy works. With more laborparti
44、cularly more labor of different kindsthe economy grows larger. It produces more stuff. There are more workers buying things and that increases the total number of jobs. We understand perfectly well that Europe is in trouble because its low birth rates mean fewer workers and that means less economic
45、growth. We ourselves worry that were not graduating enough scientists and engineers. But the economy doesnt care if it gets workers through birth rates or green cards. In fact, theres a sense in which green cards are superior. Economists separate new workers into two categories: Those who “substitut
46、e“ for existing laborwere both construction workers, and the boss can easily swap you out for me; and those who “complement“ existing laboryoure a construction engineer and Im a construction worker. Immigrants, more so than U. S. -born workers, tend to be in the second category, as the jobs you want
47、 to give to someone who doesnt speak English very well and doesnt have many skills are different from the jobs you give to people who are fluent and have more skills. But thats only half of their benefit. “Living standards are a function of two things,“ says Michael Greenstone, director of the Hamil
48、ton Project, which is hosting a Washington conference on the economics of immigration next week. “Theyre a function of our wages and the prices of the goods we purchase. “ And immigrants reduce the prices of those goods. Patricia Cortes, an economist at the University of Chicagos Booth School of Bus
49、iness, found that immigrants lowered the prices in “immigrant-intensive industries“ like housekeeping and gardening by about 10 percent. So our wages go up and the prices of the things we want to buy go down. We should remember, though, that the average worker isnt every worker. A study by Harvard economists George Borjas and Lawrence Katz found that although immigrants raised nit
