1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 49 及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negative opinion towards bureaucracy, but according
3、to Max Weber, bureaucracy has five characteristics, which entail both positive and negative influences on the society. Division of Labor Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Positive influence: becoming highly skilled and working with【 1】 _ 【 1】_. Negative inf
4、luence: Trained incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and cannot notice【 2】 _ 【 2】 _. Serious threat to the unemployed. Sex discrimination due to unnecessary distinctions between men and women. Hierarchy of Authority Each position is under supervision of a【 3】 _ 【 3
5、】 _. Positive influence: bringing women advantage at lower levels of bureaucracy. Negative influence: preventing women from being promoted to higher positions Women are viewed more as【 4】 _than as innovators, not aggressive enough 【 4】 _. to serve in higher management posts. Written Rules and Regula
6、tions All the work in a bureaucracy is carried out in accordance to specific rules and regulations. Positive influence: Ensuring【 5】 _of every task. 【 5】 _. Offering employees clear job performance standards. Creating a sense of【 6】 _in a bureaucracy. 【 6】 _. Negative influence: Leading to goal disp
7、lacement, i.e. rules becoming more important than achieving certain objective. 【 7】 _ 【 7】 _. Duty is carried out without personal consideration of people as individuals. Positive influence: ensuring【 8】 _of each person 【 8】 _. Negative influence: leading to cold and uncaring feelings of modern orga
8、nizations Employment Based on Technical Qualifications Hiring is based on technical qualifications, and performance is measured against specific standards. Positive influence: 【 9】 _can be more open and fair. 【 9】 _. Loyalty to the organization can be encouraged. Negative influence: talented people
9、being promoted continuous till they get to positions【 10】 _ 【 10】 _. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to
10、5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 The interview is mainly a discussion concerning _. （ A） men and position （ B） men and property （ C） women and inheritance （ D） women a
11、nd property 12 According to the interview, what is called property grabbing? （ A） The husbands property is taken by his relatives. （ B） The husbands property is taken by the government. （ C） The husbands property is taken by robbers. （ D） The husbands property is taken by his wife. 13 The women dont
12、 do anything to prevent property grabbing because _. （ A） the law is against them （ B） they dont know that they have rights to keep property （ C） the law is for them （ D） they dont want to damage the relationship with her husbands relatives 14 According to the interview, the way of preventing proper
13、ty grabbing for the women is to _. （ A） learn more about the inheritance law （ B） quarrel with her husbands relatives for her property fiercely （ C） ask her relatives to put her husbands relatives into prison （ D） go to Mrs Mutwa for assistance 15 Which of the followings is not Mrs Mutwas recommenda
14、tion? （ A） Making a will with the husband. （ B） Registering your home. （ C） Getting legal advice from a lawyer. （ D） Donating the property. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end
15、of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 Where and when did the tornadoes strike Bangladesh? （ A） western Bangladesh on Wednesday night （ B） northern Bangladesh on Monday night （ C） northern Bangladesh on Wednesday night （ D） western Bangladesh on Monday night 17 H
16、ow many people were killed in the disaster? （ A） at least 35 （ B） at least 55 （ C） nearly 100 （ D） nearly 700 18 Bangladesh _ suffers from tornadoes. （ A） seldom （ B） rarely （ C） often （ D） occasionally 19 McDonalds has been criticized for its_. （ A） high prices （ B） fatty foods （ C） sanitation prob
17、lems （ D） poor nutrition 20 According to this passage, more than _of Americans are obese. （ A） 20% （ B） 30% （ C） 40% （ D） 50% 20 1 Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility“ is now often stated in impressive terms as fundamental necessity for ec
18、onomic and social progress in the world, and debated in corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. 2 Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of id
19、eas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discover
20、y or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect. 3 In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possibl
21、e has of course been the aeroplane, providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge. 4 Apart from the vehicle itself, some main factors are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students. 5 In addit
22、ion one must recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if
23、 they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From the
24、se meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of co- operation, and provide them with most satisfactory stimulus. 6 But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisci
25、plinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disci
26、plines, and far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences. 21 Literally, “academic mobility“ means_. （ A） academic traveling （ B） sharing ideas and experiences （ C） academic research （ D） transmission of knowledg
27、e 22 It is suggested in Para. 2 that_. （ A） academic mobility may enhance scientific research （ B） academic mobility may promote interpersonal relations （ C） scientific researchers may be subject to misunderstanding （ D） scientific researchers work in collaboration worldwide 23 The number of special
28、ists has enormously increased mainly because of_. （ A） academic mobility （ B） interdisciplinary research （ C） specialization （ D） modernization of transportation 24 According to the passage, interdisciplinary studies are characterized by all the following EXCEPT that_. （ A） they involve the joint ef
29、forts of scholars from different disciplines （ B） they depend on the knowledge of different disciplines （ C） they promote academic contact among people from different disciplines （ D） they represent a newly emerging movement as against specializations 24 1 White-collar copycats may be less inclined
30、to pilfer the well-chosen words of others now that software designed to ferret out plagiarism is moving out of academia and into the business world. For years, educators at colleges and universities have marshaled software tools to ensure that their students work is original. Now, tainted by scandal
31、s or leery of the Internets copy-enabling power, a growing number of newspapers, law firms and other businesses are using data-sifting tools that can cross-check billions of digital documents and swiftly recognize patterns in just seconds. 2 Unlike Google and other search engines that find matches t
32、o typed-in key words, an advanced plagiarism detection service such as iParadigms LLCs makes a digital fingerprint of an entire document and compares it against material on the Internet and in other sources, including proprietary academic and media databases. Even the U. N. Security Council has begu
33、n to protect its credibility this way, using iParadigms technology since last fall to ensure the originality of reports by its researchers and freelance writers. 3 Oakland, Calif.-based iParadigms started in 1996 with a computer program to help researchers at the University of California, Berkeley i
34、nspect undergraduates papers. Today, its Turnitin plagiarism-detector is used by about 2,500 high schools and colleges in the United States and 1,000 more abroad. It launched a commercial version, iThenticate, in January. 4 Other plagiarism detection providers, including Glatt Plagiarism Services, M
35、yDropBox LLC, and CFL Software Development also report growing business outside the educational sector. New clients include companies that produce instruction or training materials, attorneys searching for copyright violations, Web sites and police and military agencies that check officers applicati
36、ons for promotions. 5 Few of these businesses are willing to talk about using these tools. Many insist that the software makers shield their identities and keep mum about any transgressions that are exposed. Last year, one publisher turned to iParadigms when it investigated and subsequently affirmed
37、 rumors that an accomplished textbook author had plagiarized other sources. Sworn to secrecy, iParadigms president John Barrie said he watched in disbelief as the publisher quietly revised later editions, leaving the authors reputation intact. 6 “But I see a lot of plagiarism everyday,“ Barrie said.
38、 “Most authors, whether a student or professional author, think the odds of being found out are so remote that theyll play the odds and think theyre just fine.“ 7 IParadigms charges universities a $ 500 annual licensing fee plus 60 cents per full-timestudent. Business customers pay $1,000 a year and
39、 $10 for each page submitted for screening. Newspapers face different charging options based on word count or circulation. 8 A different program, WCopyfinder, was employed by USA Today as it probed the work of its embattled former reporter Jack Kelley. The free program compares strings of words only
40、 from preselected documents. IThenticate and MyDropBox, by contrast, are Web-based tools. Users upload documents to the Web sites; the services troll the Internet and other proprietary databases, such as Lexis Nexis or ProQuest, for any sign of unoriginal work; then they produce reports showing matc
41、hes. IThenticate also combs its archive of Internet pages, which grows by 40 million pages a day. 9 Clearly, plagiarism is a growing problem. In a survey of 30,000 undergraduates at 34 colleges, 37 percent admitted committing cut-and-paste plagiarism using the Internet, up from 10 percent in 1999. O
42、nly 20 percent of their professors use plagiarism-detection tools, according to the survey by Rutgers University professor Don McCabe, founder of the Center for Academic Integrity. 10 Plagiarism detectors can be relatively cheap insurance against intellectual property sins, but many businesses and e
43、ven educators remain reluctant to use them. Some fear lawsuits if they accuse someone of cheating. And deciding what amounts to actual plagiarism remains a judgment call that humans must make, creators of the software say. 25 By “white-collar copycats“ (Para. 1), the author refers to_. （ A） students
44、 （ B） educators （ C） business employers （ D） business employees 26 Users of plagiarism-detection tools make a point of using the service secretly because_. （ A） they do not want to ruin their business （ B） they do not want to ruin the reputation of the violators involved （ C） they cannot decide what
45、 amounts to actual plagiarism （ D） they think it is not worthwhile 27 According to the passage, plagiarism remains a growing problem largely because_. （ A） the plagiarism-detection tools are not powerful enough （ B） the violators are smarter than the service providers （ C） the violators believe they
46、 can run away with their behavior （ D） the educators and businesses are too tolerant 28 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） IParadigms have a system of charges that varies from users to users. （ B） There are a variety of plagiarism-detection tools available today. （ C）
47、We can depend on the detection tools for actual plagiarism. （ D） Plagiarism-detection service is relatively cheap. 28 1 Divorce is one of those creations, like fast food and lite rock. that have more peoplewilling to indulge in it than people willing to defend it. Back in the 1960s, easier divorce w
48、as hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity has bred contempt. In recent years, the divorce revolution has been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages. 2 Theres a lot of evidence that marital breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, “The Case for Marriage“, Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher document that adults who are married do better than singles in wealth, health and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorce
