1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 826及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Some Premises under Which Linguists Operate When we do linguistic research, we need to know some of the p
3、remises under which linguists operate first. Premise I: a descriptive rather than a prescriptive discipline to describe【 B1】 _of language【 B1】 _ not to pass prescriptive judgments Premise II: systematicness of language variety 【 B2】 _grounds:【 B2】 _ dialects always having regular rules Theoretical g
4、rounds: impossible to acquire the language if its not systematic and 【 B3】 _【 B3】 _ Premise III: more【 B4】 _to speech rather than writing【 B4】 _ Written language: lack of information about the pronunciation Literacy: a【 B5】 _skill than speech【 B5】 _ Premise IV:【 B6】 _to have variation in languages【
5、B6】 _ A. Differences in vocabulary Example: a carbonated soft drink B. Differences in【 B7】 _【 B7】 _ Example: greasy C. Differences in【 B8】 _【 B8】 _ Morphology: the structure or forms of words Example: “un“ and “happy“ in “unhappy“ 【 B9】 _: the structure of larger units【 B9】 _ Example: auxiliaries in
6、 English yes/no questions D. Variation in language use not having been【 B10】 _by dialect geographers【 B10】 _ coming from studies of different social groups 1 【 B1】 2 【 B2】 3 【 B3】 4 【 B4】 5 【 B5】 6 【 B6】 7 【 B7】 8 【 B8】 9 【 B9】 10 【 B10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear
7、everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 The reason why people put on weight a
8、t work is that （ A） peoples living standards are improved. （ B） people lack exercises. （ C） companies provide too much nutritious food. （ D） peoples salary is increased. 12 Which of the following exercises after work is recommended by the man? （ A） Riding a bicycle. （ B） Squat movement. （ C） Running
9、. （ D） Climbing stairs. 13 Which of the following features of lunchtime is NOT mentioned in the interview? （ A） Less energy. （ B） Not greasy. （ C） Good nutrition. （ D） Non-caloric fluids. 14 Why does the interviewee think that brown bagging is a great way? （ A） Because it can help to control calorie
10、s. （ B） Because it can reduce expense. （ C） Because it is more hygienic. （ D） Because it can save more time. 15 The interviewees opinion of exercising at desk shows that it is （ A） a good way of losing weight. （ B） a solution that doesnt work. （ C） an efficient way of improving health. （ D） a bad wa
11、y of wasting time. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 The battle for Tripoli_. （ A） was primarily i
12、n and around the international airport （ B） injured and killed many medical workers （ C） destroyed a hospital in the Abu Salim area （ D） resulted in the rebels complete control of the city 17 How many miles did the police go before catching the girls? （ A） 14. （ B） 26. （ C） 46. （ D） 100. 18 What kin
13、d of charges will the police put against Potters daughter? （ A） Damaging public property. （ B） Running away to avoid arrest. （ C） Reckless driving without a license. （ D） Endangering passengers life. 19 What caused the tension between Egypt and Israel? （ A） The death of Egyptians in an Israeli milit
14、ary action. （ B） The unnoticed Israeli military action along Egypts border. （ C） The attacks Gaza militants made inside Israel. （ D） The public statements Israeli Defense Minister made. 20 What did the Egyptian protestors call for? （ A） Withdrawing Egypt ambassador from Israel. （ B） Closing Israel e
15、mbassy down permanently. （ C） Breaking a previous agreement with Israel. （ D） Stopping buying natural gas from Israel. 20 Unlike an earthquake, a demographic disaster does not strike without warning. Japans population of 127m is predicted to fall to 90m by 2050. As recently as 1990, working-age Japa
16、nese outnumbered children and the elderly by seven to three. By 2050 the ratio will be one to one. As Japan grows old and feeble, where will its companies find dynamic, energetic workers? For a company president pondering this question over a laboriously prepared breakfast of steamed rice, broiled s
17、almon, miso soup and artistically presented pickles, the answer is literally staring him in the face. Half the talent in Japan is female. Outside the kitchen, those talents are woefully underemployed, as Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Laura Sherbin of the Centre for Work-Life Policy, an American think-tank,
18、 show in a new study called “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Japan“. Nearly half of Japanese university graduates are female but only 67% of these women have jobs, many of which are part-time or involve serving tea. Japanese women with degrees are much more likely than Americans(74% to 31%)to quit their job
19、s voluntarily. Whereas most Western women who take time off do so to look after children, Japanese women are more likely to say that the strongest push came from employers who do not value them. A startling 49% of highly educated Japanese women who quit do so because they feel their careers have sta
20、lled. The Japanese workplace is not quite as sexist as it used to be. Pictures of naked women, ubiquitous on salarymens desks in the 1990s, have been removed. Most companies have rules against sexual discrimination. But educated women are often shunted into dead-end jobs. Old-fashioned bosses see th
21、eir role as prettifying the office and forming a pool of potential marriage partners for male employees. And a traditional white-collar working day makes it hard to pick up the kids from school. Even if the company rule book says that flexitime is allowed, those who work from home are seen as uncomm
22、itted to the team. Employees are expected to show their faces before 9 am, typically after a long commute on a train so packed that the gropers cannot tell whom they are groping. Staff are also under pressure to stay late, regardless of whether they have work to do: nearly 80% of Japanese men get ho
23、me after 7 pm, and many attend semi-compulsory drinking binges in hostess bars until the small hours. Base salaries are low: salary-men are expected to fill their pay packets by putting in heroic amounts of overtime. Besides finding these hours just a bit inconvenient, working mothers are unlikely t
24、o get much help at home from their husbands. Japanese working mums do four hours of child care and housework each dayeight times as much as their spouses. Thanks to restrictive immigration laws, they cannot hire cheap help. A Japanese working mother cannot sponsor a foreign nanny for a visa, though
25、it is not hard for a nightclub owner to get “entertainer“ visas for young Filipinas in short skirts. That says something about Japanese lawmakers priorities. And it helps explain why Japanese women struggle to climb the career ladder : only 10% of Japanese managers are female, compared with 46% in A
26、merica. Japanese firms are careful to recycle paper but careless about wasting female talent. Some 66% of highly educated Japanese women who quit their jobs say they would not have done so if their employers had allowed flexible working arrangements. The vast majority(77%)of women who take time off
27、work want to return. But only 43% find a job, compared with 73% in America. Of those who do go back to work, 44% are paid less than they were before they took time off, and 40% have to accept less responsibility or a less prestigious title. Goldman Sachs estimates that if Japan made better use of it
28、s educated women, it would add 8.2m brains to the workforce and expand the economy by 15%equivalent to about twice the size of the countrys motor industry. 21 Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Laura Sherbin consider the work status of Japanese women （ A） sinister. （ B） stressful. （ C） deplorable. （ D） disorder
29、ly. 22 Which of the following statements is probably TRUE of Japanese educated women? （ A） They are more family centered than American women. （ B） They may feel frustrated due to the existing barriers. （ C） More than half of them have jobs that are insignificant. （ D） Most of them cant bear sexism i
30、n the Japanese workplace. 23 We can infer that all the following hinder Japanese educated women from moving forward EXCEPT （ A） corporate culture. （ B） political system. （ C） male chauvinism. （ D） legal policies. 24 The author gives the example of “entertainer“ visas to show that （ A） how important
31、entertainment is to Japanese. （ B） how impractical the Japanese lawmakers are. （ C） how undesirable the living conditions are. （ D） how difficult the Japanese working mothers are. 25 What will the author probably discuss in the paragraphs following the passage? （ A） The ways of treating Japanese wor
32、king women better. （ B） The reasons why Japan is a land of the wasted talent. （ C） The demographic catastrophe Japanese firms face. （ D） The solution to Japanese social problems. 25 In the grand scheme of things Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are normally thought of as good guys. Between them,
33、they came up with the ethical theory known as utilitarianism. The goal of this theory is encapsulated in Benthams aphorism that “the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation.“ It all sounds fine and dandy until you start applying it to particular cases. A
34、 utilitarian, for example, might approve of the occasional torture of suspected terroristsfor the greater happiness of everyone else, you understand. That type of observation has led Daniel Bartels at Columbia University and David Pizarro at Cornell to ask what sort of people actually do have a util
35、itarian outlook on life. Their answers, just published in Cognition, are not comfortable. One of the classic techniques used to measure a persons willingness to behave in a utilitarian way is known as trolleyology. The subject of the study is challenged with thought experiments involving a runaway r
36、ailway trolley or train carriage. All involve choices, each of which leads to peoples deaths. For example: there are five railway workmen in the path of a runaway carriage. The men will surely be killed unless the subject of the experiment, a bystander in the story, does something. The subject is to
37、ld he is on a bridge over the tracks. Next to him is a big, heavy stranger. The subject is informed that his own body would be too light to stop the train, but that if he pushes the stranger onto the tracks, the strangers large body will stop the train and save the five lives. That, unfortunately, w
38、ould kill the stranger. Dr. Bartels and Dr. Pizarro knew from previous research that around 90% of people refuse the utilitarian act of killing one individual to save five. What no one had previously inquired about, though, was the nature of the remaining 10%. To find out, the two researchers gave 2
39、08 undergraduates a battery of trolleyological tests and measured, on a four-point scale, how utilitarian their responses were. Participants were also asked to respond to a series of statements intended to get a sense of their individual psychologies. These statements included, “I like to see fist f
40、ights“, “The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear“, and “When you really think about it, life is not worth the effort of getting up in the morning“. Each was asked to indicate, for each statement, where his views lay on a continuum that had “strongly agree“ at one end and
41、 “strongly disagree“ at the other. These statements, and others like them, were designed to measure, respectively, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and a persons sense of how meaningful life is. Dr. Bartels and Dr. Pizarro then correlated the results from the trolleyology with those from the personalit
42、y tests. They found a strong link between utilitarian answers to moral dilemmas(push the fat guy off the bridge)and personalities that were psychopathic, Machiavellian or tended to view life as meaningless. Utilitarians, this suggests, may add to the sum of human happiness, but they are not very hap
43、py people themselves. That does not make utilitarianism wrong. Crafting legislationone of the main things that Bentham and Mill wanted to improveinevitably involves riding roughshod over someones interests. Utilitarianism provides a plausible framework for deciding who should get trampled. The resul
44、ts obtained by Dr. Bartels and Dr. Pizarro do, though, raise questions about the type of people who you want making the laws. Psychopathic, Machiavellian misanthropes? Apparently, yes. 26 What function does the first sentence in the second paragraph serve? （ A） It further explains the theory of util
45、itarianism. （ B） It forms a contrast to general cases of utilitarianism. （ C） It acts as the connecting link to bring up the theme. （ D） It gives an example to explain utilitarianism in particular cases. 27 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT of the experiment? （ A） The subject entered a
46、hypnotic state. （ B） Similar experiments had been done before. （ C） It found out something that is unknown to all. （ D） Trolleyology is a technique to analyze utilitarianism. 28 The phrase “riding roughshod over“ in the last paragraph probably means （ A） reflecting upon. （ B） resting upon. （ C） tram
47、pling upon. （ D） looking upon. 29 Psychopathic or Machiavellian people are expected to make the laws probably because （ A） common people are tired of the current policy-makers. （ B） policy-making will be based on utilitarianism. （ C） they are good at making laws and policies. （ D） they are likely to
48、 bring up brand-new policies. 30 The best title for the passage is （ A） Utilitarianism as Moral Philosophy. （ B） Utilitarians Are Not Nice People. （ C） Utilitarian A Good Man? （ D） Utilitarianism and Morality. 30 There is an immediacy about Charles Dickenss life, just as there is about his novels, a
49、 kind of bursting physicality. “If I couldnt walk fast and far,“ he once said, “I think I should explode and perish.“ He exhilarated and exhausted himself. Both these biographies, timed for the bicentenary of Dickenss birth, bring out the mad energy of the man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst sets out to counter what he sees as the literary man-of-destiny version of Dickens, to recover the uncertainty, muddle and loose ends. He concent
