1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 183及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural Environment I. Definition of culture Culture is a group which shapes a persons【 T1】 _【 T
3、1】 _ Cultural identities originate from race,【 T2】 _, gender, etc.【 T2】 _ II. Cultural assumptions Cause of cultural conflicts: differences in values and【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ Example A: Women wrote excellent proposal but they failed in interview part They preferred to have【 T4】 _ before being questioned【 T
4、4】 _ Example B: A city in Alaska celebrated 200th year of fur Russian trader Native Indian tribe was offended The activity implied there was no【 T5】 _ before【 T5】 _ III. Identifying cultural conflicts Three dimensions of cultural conflicts A. content B.【 T6】 _ issues【 T6】 _ C. clash of values Three
5、signs of identifying conflicts complex combinations of【 T7】 _ about behaviors【 T7】 _ If the previous two dimensions do not resolve the conflict, then cultural differences are the root cause 【 T8】 _ still causes conflict and emotion【 T8】 _ IV. Resolving cultural conflicts Resolution 1:【 T9】 _ the cul
6、tural dimension【 T9】 _ acknowledgment that the conflict contains a cultural dimension all sides are【 T10】 _ to deal with all conflict dimensions【 T10】 _ systematic phased work is needed Four phases: A.【 T11】 _ of each others【 T11】 _ B. Understand cultural perception of both sides C. Know how problem
7、s are handled【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ D. Develop conflict solutions Resolution 2: Learning about other cultures Knowledge could be obtained from training programs, reading, talking and【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ Acquiring a broad knowledge of【 T14】 _, not stereotyping【 T14】 _ Resolution 3: Altering practices and proce
8、dures in the organizations 【 T15】 _ change is necessary to make system culturally sensitive【 T15】_ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Four Characteristics of Culture I. Culture is shared Region, clima
9、te and【 T1】 _ form a set of values and beliefs【 T1】 _ Culture does not belong to a single individual II. Culture is learned Culture is not born or【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ Culture is【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ Example: People【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ People invent better technologies People learn from the past generation III. Culture
10、s change Example:【 T5】 _vs. primitive【 T5】 _ Causes of cultural changes: the regular【 T6】 _ of cultural traits【 T6】 _ Different rates of cultural changes among nations e.g. Germans are【 T7】 _to adopt new words, while【 T7】 _ French people are resistant to it Two ways of cultural changes a)Inventions
11、within a society b)【 T8】 _ cultural traits from one society to another【 T8】 _ Impact of changes: a changed trait will affect another Reason: cultural traits are functionally【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ Example: resisted【 T10】 _ opportunities for women【 T10】 _ in North America and Europe IV. Cultures are【 T11】 _【
12、T11】 _ Examples: a)Tribes in New Guinea and upper Amazon Basin were【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ b)Tribal people now buy clothes and【 T13】 _produced【 T13】 _ by multinationals Consequence: a)Societies are【 T14】 _ cultural traits from the economic powers【 T14】 _ b)Small indigenous cultures have disappeared due to
13、the shared global culture c)Major cultures will survive because of【 T15】 _ and ethnocentrism【 T15】_ 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 183答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this sect
14、ion you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically ac
15、ceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural Environment Good morning, everyone. Today I will discuss cultural dimension in conflict and its resolution in application to local government
16、 entities. The demographic and cultural attitudes of the U.S. population are changing. Current statistical research shows that one out of four Americans is of Hispanic origin or a person of color. They would constitute the majority of the American population by the middle of the 21st century. The “m
17、elting pot“ concept never became the reality. Currently, many groups prefer to maintain their traditions and beliefs and resist assimilation into Eurocentric or Anglo culture. Those demographic and perceptional changes create the necessity for governmental agencies to develop a better understanding
18、of cultural differences and conflicts promoted by them. In todays talk, I will briefly touch upon the definition of culture, cultural assumptions, and identify and resolve cultural conflicts. First of all, the definition of culture.1Culture is a group which shapes a persons values and identity. A si
19、ngle term used to define a particular culture is often exclusive. For example, the term “Hispanic“ does not take into account cultural differences between Cuban-Americans and Mexican-Americans. Cultural identities can stem from the following differences:2race, ethnicity, gender, class, religion, cou
20、ntry of origin and geographic region. Secondly, about cultural assumptions.3Cultural conflicts arise because of the differences in values and norms of behavior of people from different cultures. A person acts according to the values and norms of his or her culture; another person holding a different
21、 worldview might interpret his or her behavior from an opposite standpoint. This situation creates misunderstanding and can lead to conflict. Often people of the mainstream America, the Anglo culture, perceive their behaviors and beliefs as an ultimate norm, forgetting that Anglo culture is just one
22、 of the multiple cultures existing in the USA They are often unable to perceive their own cultural distinctiveness. For example, a group of women wrote an excellent and detailed proposal, but did badly during the interview part of the evaluation. It happened because those women came from a culture w
23、here establishing personal relationships precedes business relationships.4These women felt uncomfortable when government officials did not allow time for casual conversation and immediately moved toward firing questions at them. The following case exemplifies how unintentionally one cultural group c
24、an hurt the feelings of the other. The city of Kenai, Alaska was planning a celebration of 200 years since the first Russian fur traders came to the region.5A Native Indian tribe which lived in Alaska for a thousand years was offended by the implication that before the Russians came to the region th
25、ere was no civilization there. As a result the celebration turned to a year-long event and Native Indian culture became its basis. By the end of the celebration, the Kenai Bicentennial Visitors and Cultural Center was completed. Thus, accommodation of different cultural interests helped the region t
26、o recognize its historical past. Thirdly, identifying cultural conflicts. Cultural conflict has three dimensions.6To the two dimensions that every conflict has content and relational cultural conflict adds the third one “a clash of cultural values.“ This third dimension constitutes the foundation of
27、 the conflict since it determines personal identity. Cultural conflict can be identified by the following signs:(1)it usually has complicated dynamics.7Cultural differences mentioned above tend to create complex combinations of expectations about ones own and others behaviors.(2)If addressing conten
28、t and relational issues does not resolve the conflict, it can be rooted in cultural differences.(3)8Conflict reoccurs or raises strong emotions even though the issue of disagreement is insignificant. Finally, when we identify the cultural conflicts, how could we resolve them? The resolution of cross
29、-cultural conflict begins with identifying whether cultural issues are involved. There are three ways of cross-cultural conflict resolution. Resolution 1:9Probing for the cultural dimension. The resolution process should start from the parties acknowledgment that their conflict contains a cultural d
30、imension.10Next, there should be willingness on all sides to deal with all conflict dimensions including the cultural one. Third, systematic phased work on the conflict is needed. One expert has identified four phases:(1)11the parties describe what they find offensive in each others behavior,(2)they
31、 get an understanding of the other partys cultural perceptions;(3)12they learn how the problem would be handled in the culture of the opponent;(4)they develop conflict solutions. Resolution of the conflict is particularly complicated if the conflict arose not just out of misunderstanding of the othe
32、rs behavior, but because of incompatible values. Resolution 2: Learning about other cultures. People can prevent cross-cultural conflicts by learning about cultures that they come in contact with.13This knowledge can be obtained through training programs, general reading, talking to people from diff
33、erent cultures, and learning from past experiences. Important aspects of cultural education are understanding your own culture and developing cultural awareness14by acquiring a broad knowledge of values and beliefs of other cultures, rather than looking at them through the prism of cultural stereoty
34、pes. Resolution 3: Altering organizational practices and procedures. Often the organizational structure reflects the norms of just one culture and inherits the cultural conflict.15In such cases, structural change becomes necessary to make the system more sensitive to cultural norms of other people.
35、All right. In closing, I would like to reiterate that conflict, depending on the outcome, can be a positive or negative experience for an organization. With changing demographics, cultural differences become an acute issue. Many groups resist assimilation and wish to preserve their cultural distinct
36、iveness, which makes cultural conflict education an essential tool for mamtaining healthy relations in organizations and society in general. I hope my talk today has helped detect the cultural conflicts and you will be able to resolve them with ease. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 values and identity 【试题解析】 本
37、题考查文化的定义。讲座提到，文化塑造了个人的价值观与身份。故填 values and identity。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 ethnicity 【试题解析】 本题考查文化认同的来源。录音提到，文化认同来源 于以下几点：种族、民族、性别、阶级、宗教、出生地和地理区域。根据提纲提示，本题应填入 ethnicity。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 norms of behavio(u)r 【试题解析】 本题考查文化冲突的原因。文化冲突发生的原因是不同文化的人们有不同的价值观和行为准则。因此本题填入 norms of behavior behaviour。 【知识模
38、块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 casual conversation 【试题解析】 由 “女士们会因政府官员没有 留出时间闲谈就直接提问而感到不舒服 ”，可推知女士们喜欢闲聊 (casual conversation)之后再进入提问环节。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 civilization 【试题解析】 根据讲座， 200周年的庆典活动会使当地的印第安部落觉得被冒犯，因为活动暗示着在俄国人来到这片区域之前当地没有文明。故填civilization。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 relational 【试题解析】 本题是细节题，考查文化冲突的三个维度，分别是内容
39、、关 系和文化价值观的冲突。故答案为 relational。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 expectations 【试题解析】 本题考查识别文化冲突的第一个标志。讲座中提到文化差异往往会产生复杂的行为期待组合。故填 expectations，注意用复数。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 Insignificant disagreement 【试题解析】 本题是原文 “即使分歧微不足道，冲突也会再现或激起更强烈的情绪 ”的同义转换，考查综合理解能力。答案为 Insignificant disagreement。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 probing
40、for 【试题解析】 本题考查解决文化冲突的第一个办法 探索文化维度。因此，结合下面对应的提纲内容，应填入 probing for。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 willing 【试题解析】 本题涉及探索文化维度的第二个步骤，即各方都必须有意愿去处理冲突的各个维度。此处需将 willingness转换为 willing。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 Identify offensive behaviors Describe offensive behaviors 【试题解析】 根据原文 describe what they find offensive in e
41、ach others behavior，此处需要考生进行归纳，填 Identify offensive behaviors或 Describe offensive behaviors均可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 in the opponent 【试题解析】 录音提到，系统的有步骤的工作是必要的。其中第三步讲述到，学习怎样在文化对立面上解决问题。因此本题应填入 in the opponent。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 past experiences previous experiences 【试题解析】 本题是细节题，考查跨文化知识的获取途径，可通过培
42、训课程、阅读、交流和过去经验获得知识。故填 past experiences或 previous experiences。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 values and beliefs 【试题解析】 录音提到，文化教育的重要方面是了解自己的文化，通过获取关于其他文化价值观和信仰的广泛知识来发展自己的文化意识。因此本题填入 values and beliefs。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 Structural 【试题解析】 本题考查解决文化冲突的第三个方法，属于细节题。讲座中提到结构的改变是必须的，可以让体制对文化更敏感。故答案为 Structural。 【
43、知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原 文】 Four Characteristics of Culture Good morning, everyone. Today, I would like to discuss with you about the characteristics of culture. As we all know, culture refers to the pattern of human activity and the symbols that give significance to these activities. Culture manifests it
44、self in terms of the art, literature, costumes, customs, language, religion and religious rituals. The people and their pattern of life make up the culture of a region. Cultures vary in different parts of the world. They are different across the land boundaries and the diversity in cultures results
45、in the diversity in people around the world. Culture also consists of the system of beliefs held by the people of the region, their principles of life and their moral values. The patterns of behavior of the people of a particular region also form a part of the regions culture. Now, let me share with
46、 you four characteristics of culture. First of all, culture is shared, by which we mean that every culture is shared by a group of people.1Depending on the region they live in, the climatic conditions they thrive in and their historical heritage, they form a set of values and beliefs. This set of th
47、eir principles of life shapes their culture. No culture belongs to an individuaL It is rather shared among many people of a certain part of the world. It belongs to a single community and not to any single human being. Secondly, culture is learned. Human infants come into the world with basic drives
48、 such as hunger and thirst, but they do not possess instinctive patterns of behavior to satisfy them. Likewise, they are without any cultural knowledge. However, they are genetically predisposed to rapidly learn language and other cultural traits. New born humans are amazing learning machines. Any normal baby can be placed into any family on earth and grow up to learn their culture and accept it as his or her own.2Since culture is non-instinctive, we are not genetically programmed to learn a particular one.4Ever
