1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 212及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Preventing Cross Cultural Miscommunication Miscommunications happen all the time between people whose native languages are dif
3、ferent. Native English speakers, though boasting the advantage of speaking the world language, should also be aware of miscommunications. Here are several pieces of advice to English speakers: I. Cultural differences in【 T1】 _ need to be addressed.【 T1】 _ A. Americans like to use【 T2】 _ and phrases.
4、【 T2】 _ B. Japanese people do not like to say “【 T3】 _“.【 T3】 _ C. French people can get easily offended. D. Germans are【 T4】 _.【 T4】 _ E. Italians dont love details. II. Main【 T5】 _ for foreigners to understand English speakers.【 T5】 _ A. Metaphor【 T6】 _:【 T6】 _ a)sport metaphors b)military metapho
5、rs c)mixed metaphors d)【 T7】 _ metaphors【 T7】 _ B. Conditionals can be【 T8】 _.【 T8】 _ C. Not aware of【 T9】 _.【 T9】 _ Beginning a conversation informally can be【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ III. English【 T11】 _ to avoid miscommunication.【 T11】 _ A. Be aware of using metaphors. B. Avoid making a(n)【 T12】 _ stateme
6、nt when possible.【 T12】 _ C. Pay attention to cultural habits with regards to respect. 【 T13】 _ before calling someone by the first name.【 T13】 _ IV. Conclusion: use【 T14】 _.【 T14】 _ Downside: reduced【 T15】 _.【 T15】 _ Advantage: pertinent, direct, and stronger communication. 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】
7、4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Cultural Characteristics & Websites I. High and low context cultures A. High-context communication: depend on factors【 T1】 _:【 T1】 _ Asian, Indian and【 T2】 _ Cultures【 T2】 _ B. Low-context
8、communication: only use the spoken or written language: Western Europe and the US C. Website designed for high-context cultures: With lots of “【 T3】 _“ images【 T3】 _ D. Website designed for low-context cultures: With【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ II. High and low power distance A. High power distance: people in a p
9、owerful position are given special favors and highly respected Example: A professor in【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ B. Low power distance: people in a powerful position wont be given special favors Example: A professor in the US C. Website designed for high power distance: images and icons representing power 【 T6】
10、 _, finance, crests, shields or men in suits【 T6】 _ D. Website designed for low power distance: messages of【 T7】 _ and equality【 T7】 _ Men and women, more【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ III. Masculine and feminine cultures A Masculine cultures: emphasize【 T9】 _, assertiveness, and ambition,【 T9】_ and value wealth an
11、d material possessions. The most masculine culture:【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ 【 T11】 _ goals are considered secondary【 T11】 _ B. Feminine cultures: relationships and the quality of life are more important. A better【 T12】 _ balance【 T12】 _ The most feminine culture: Sweden C. Website designed for feminine cult
12、ures: Display men and woman【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ Images of nature Colors associated with nature:【 T14】 _, browns【 T14】 _ D. Website designed for masculine cultures: Power Images associated with wealth or【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ Cool blues, silvers, grays, reds and blacks 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【
13、T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 212答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-fill
14、ing task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Preventing Cross Cul
15、tural Miscommunication Good morning everyone. Today, I am going to talk about preventing cross cultural miscommunication. Miscommunication between people happens all the time, especially when one of the parties is using a second language. We often end up hearing miscommunication stories in the form
16、of a joke: “You wouldnt believe what happened to me.“ But we dont always hear all of the stories, especially when we cause the miscommunication with international audiences. Native English speakers have the so-called advantage of speaking the so-called world language. If this is your case, it is lik
17、ely your audience put up with the visible problems of miscommunication. You may not even be aware there is any miscommunication, and your communication can suffer from it. Misunderstandings lead to doubt about the real intent of others. This can have a very negative effect on a communication bottom
18、line. Thats why when we communicate in English and deal with international audiences, we need to pay special attention to any miscommunication. 1First of all, we need to address cultural differences in communication styles. Every country has its own communication style and habits. These different st
19、yles do not translate well, so we need to pay special attention to communication with foreign people.2Americans like to use slang words and phrases that even other Americans dont always understand. “Im jazzed when that happens! “3Japanese people do not like to refuse something, so they say that it w
20、ill be discussed “later“. Later means never. French people can get easily offended. For example, every word has to have a French translation e-mail, mail, and mel are too English, so the word “cour-riel“ was created.4Germans love details and Italians dont. And the list of generalized differences can
21、 go on and on. Understanding the cultural differences, we must ask the second question: how can cross cultural communication be easy? Before trying to learn everything about all of the different cultures out there, it is important to look at your own communication styles first. How is our own Englis
22、h language perceived in different cultures?5Here are some of the main stumbling blocks for foreigners trying to understand what we have said. 6The first one in the list is metaphor traps. In English we have the habit of using sport and military metaphors.7We even use mixed metaphors and dead metapho
23、rs. Here are some examples of the metaphors we use: We talk about “leveling the playing field“ before we “charge straight in“ to the “front line of operations“. He can “step up to the plate and grab the bull by the horns“. “I gather youve understood“ that “to grasp this concept“ is a “touchdown for
24、our team“. These phrases actually mean something. And yet how many people would not follow their meanings? You might say: these metaphors are as subtle as a sledgehammer, everyone would understand them. But this is not the case. 8The second stumbling block is the confusion over conditionals. Another
25、 area of miscommunication where native English speakers mislead foreigners is the use of the conditional: could, should, would, and the hypothetical: if. We use these variations in English more than in many other cultures. It is simple. To your international audience, “could“ and “can“ mean “will“.
26、“If you pay on time, we can deliver on time“ will be heard as “we will deliver on time“. Instead, try saying, we will begin manufacturing after your payment is received. Then make sure that your client has heard you, understood you, and is willing to act on your conversation. 9The third trouble is u
27、nknowing lack of respect English speakers can rapidly create bad impressions by being inappropriately informal. Many cultures have a different concept of respect and formality. In many cultures people will only address others using personal names after several months or not at all. Native English sp
28、eakers from all countries generally address acquaintances on a first name basis faster than in some cultures. Americans being the champions with the general use of nick names added to the mix.10Beginning your conversation informally in many cultures can be insulting. With these stumbling blocks in m
29、ind, lets come to the third part of my talk today:11English guidelines to avoid miscommunication You can eliminate many sources of cross cultural miscommunication simply by paying attention to your own use of English. After looking at the above points, here are some guidelines: 1. Be aware of the me
30、taphors you use, explain them clearly. Better yet, eliminate them. 2.12Avoid making a conditional statement when possible. Clearly identify what you are saying, doing, promising. Better yet, simplify your communication and your offer. 3. Be aware of the other persons cultural habits with regards to
31、respect as much as possible.13If you are not familiar with the other persons habits, the least you can do is to ask for permission to call them by their first name. Better yet, ask them how people call them in their own country, and ask if you can call them in the same way. The bottom line is this14
32、If you want to communicate effectively across cultures you must use simple English.15The drawback of communicating effectively across cultures is that your vocabulary will probably become severely reduced in size. The advantage is that your communication will be more pertinent, direct, and stronger.
33、 Examining your own communication habits and their cross cultural implications is the best place to start. Your own communication will be the source of fewer stories of cultural communication blunders. And your own communication becomes a strong tool to get more international friends. OK I think we
34、have covered how to prevent most cross cultural miscommunication by examining your own English communication. Next time, we will discuss the way American culture is perceived by foreign cultures. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 communication styles/communication ways 【试题解析】 本题考查跨文化交流应注意的第一点：我们需弄清楚不同文化的沟通方式。若没记
35、下笔记，可根据下文所举的例子推测出答案。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 slang words 【试题解析】 本题考查美国人的语言使用习惯。录音提到每个国家都有自己的交流风格和习惯，美国人喜欢使用俚语和习语来进行交流。本题填入 slang words。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 no/never 【试题解析】 文中提到，日本人不喜欢直接拒绝，所以他们会说 “晚些再谈 ”，“晚些 ”则意味着 “决不 ”。这里填 no或 never均可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 detail-minded/obsessed with details 【试题解析】 原文
36、 提到，德国人喜欢细节，但意大利人却不喜欢。由于题目是are_，不能直接填 love details，故改写为 detail-minded或 obsessed with details。右边的笔记中使用了简单易懂的符号，考生拿到答题卡后，即可将笔记内容稍作整合，得出正确的答案。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 stumbling blocks obstacles difficulties 【试题解析】 文章第二部分主要介绍外国人在理解英语中可能遇到的阻碍。这里填 stumbling blocks或其近义词组 stumbling obstacles difficulties。 【知识模
37、块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 traps 【试题解析】 本题考查外国人在理解英语时遇到的第一种障碍。录音提到外国人遇到的第一种障碍是 “隐喻的困境 ”。因此本题应填入 traps。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 dead 【试题解析】 对于外国人来说，隐喻是理解英语的第一大难点，其中包括体育用语隐喻、军事用语隐喻、混合隐喻以及亡隐喻 (已经失去了原有意义而逐渐成为固定 的说法 )。参考笔记，使用 “竖着写 ”的方式记录下文中提到的四种隐喻，省时又有效。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 confusing 【试题解析】 外国人在理解英语中可能遇到的第二大障碍：容易对条件
38、句产生混淆。本题需把原文 confusion改写为形容词形式 confusing。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 lack of respect 【试题解析】 不同文化对 “尊重 ”的理解是不同的。文中提到 “第三个问题是不知道自己不够尊重对方 ”，故答案为 lack of respect。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 insulting 【试题解析】 录音提到，英语国家的人容易因为不恰当的不正式行为而产生不好的印象。在一些文化中，不正式的对话往往会显得无礼。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 guidelines 【试题解析】 录音讲到讲座的第三条要点是
39、给出英语指导方针来避免误解。根据提纲提示，这里应填入 guidelines。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 conditional 【试题解 析】 针对跨文化交际中可能出现的障碍，文中提出了三点与之相对应的建议。其中第二点建议为 “尽量不要使用条件句 ”。若此处漏记了笔记，可根据前面提到的三种障碍推测出正确答案。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 Ask for permission 【试题解析】 文中第三点建议提到， “要了解并尊重别人的文化习惯 ”。在直呼其名之前要征得别人的同意 (ask for permission)。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】
40、 simple English 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对讲座要点的把握。录音讲到最后一个要点，如果想要在跨文化当中有效地交流，应该使用简单的英语。因此，结合提纲提示，本题应填入 simple English。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 vocabulary(size) 【试题解析】 如果想达到有效沟通，就要使用简单英语。但这同时会带来负面影响：即词汇量减少，故答案为 vocabulary(size)。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Cultural Characteristics & Websites Good morning everyone. Today
41、, we are going to discuss the cultural characteristics affecting the way people see your websites. We all understand that the cultural aspects of a websites audience will, or should, drastically affect the design of the website. This is according to most researchers in culture and communication, as
42、well as plain old common sense. After all, culture influences just about every aspect of our lives, like what we eat, how we dress, or how we talk, so it makes perfect sense that it would affect the websites we look at and, most importantly, how we look at them. The following cultural variables are
43、drawn from the work of Geert Hofstede, and Edward Hall and are specifically defined in the ways they affect website design. First of all, high and low context cultures.1When we depend on factors other than language to communicate, such as who is speaking, where they are speaking, or how they are dre
44、ssed when they are speaking, we call that high-context communication, because we rely highly on the context in which the communication takes place. Conversely, when we only use the language spoken or written, as in a courtroom or as found in a contract, we call that low-context communication, becaus
45、e little in the context of the situation helps us communicate.2Cultures predominately high-context are typically Asian, Indian and Middle Eastern Cultures. Low-Context cultures are typically those in Western Europe and the US. Other cultural regions will fall somewhere along the middle of the spectr
46、um. Websites designed for high-context cultures often include a number of images, especially images associated with the ideas communicated on the website. What youll usually find is that these images are culturally unique, meaning that theyre really only understood by people within that culture.3To
47、Westerners, high-context websites look “busy“ and “unorganised“ but all of those icons, images, flashing banners and such add to the communication of someone from a high-context culture. For example, look at the Coca Cola website made for China or Japan, and compare it to the site made for the US or
48、 Germany,4which are low-context and contain very explicit explanations of icons, images and meanings. Often, US websites will allow the user to quickly find information and “get down to business“ without the “distractions“ of “busy“ images and such. Secondly, high and low power distance. Cultures will approach power differently. In some cultures its normal for people in a powerful position to be given special favors at the grocery store, around town, or on the street. This would be considered normal. Even in li
