1、专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷 168及答案与解析 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) S
2、o Roger Chillingworth a deformed old figure, with a face that haunted mens memories longer than they liked took leave of Hester Prynne, and went stooping away along the earth. He gathered here and there an herb, or grubbed up a root, and put it into the basket on his arm. His grey beard almost touch
3、ed the ground, as he crept onward. Hester gazed after him a little while, looking with a half fantastic curiosity to see whether the tender grass of early spring would not be blighted beneath him, and show the wavering track of his footsteps, sere and brown, across its cheerful verdure. She wondered
4、 what sort of herbs they were, which the old man was so sedulous to gather. Would not the earth, quickened to by the sympathy of his eye, greet him with poisonous shrubs, of species hitherto unknown, that would start up under his fingers? Or might it suffice him, that every wholesome growth should b
5、e converted into something deleterious and malignant at his touch? Did the sun, which shone so brightly everywhere else, really fall upon him? Or was there, as it rather seemed, a circle of ominous shadow moving along with his deformity, whichever way he turned himself? And whither was he now going?
6、 Would he not suddenly sink into the earth, leaving a barren and blasted spot, where, in due course of time, would be seen deadly nightshade (颠茄 ), dogwood (山茱萸 ), henbane (天仙子 ), and whatever else of vegetable wickedness the climate could produce, all flourishing with hideous luxuriance? Or would h
7、e spread bats wings and flee away, looking so much the uglier, the higher he rose towards heaven? (2) “Be it sin or no,“ said Hester Prynne bitterly, as she still gazed after him, “I hate the man!“ (3) She upbraided herself for the sentiment, but could not overcome or lessen it. Attempting to do so,
8、 she thought of those long-past days, in a distant land, when he used to emerge at eventide (黄昏 ) from the seclusion of his study, and sit down in the firelight of their home, and in the light of her nuptial smile. He needed to bask himself in that smile, he said, in order that the chill of so many
9、lonely hours among his books might be taken off the scholars heart. Such scenes had once appeared not otherwise than happy, but now, as viewed through the dismal medium of her subsequent life, they classed themselves among her ugliest remembrances. She marvelled how such scenes could have been! She
10、marvelled how she could ever have been wrought upon to marry him! She deemed it her crime most to be repented of, that she had ever endured, and reciprocated, the lukewarm grasp of his hand, and had suffered the smile of her lips and eyes to mingle and melt into his own. And it seemed a fouler offen
11、ce committed by Roger Chillingworth, than any which had since been done him, that, in the time when her heart knew no better, he had persuaded her to fancy herself happy by his side. (4) “Yes, I hate him!“ repeated Hester, more bitterly than before. “He betrayed me! He has done me worse wrong than I
12、 did him!“ (5) Let men tremble to win the hand of woman, unless they win along with it the utmost passion of her heart! Else it may be their miserable fortune, as it was Roger Chillingworths, when some mightier touch than their own may have awakened all her sensibilities, to be reproached even for t
13、he calm content, the marble image of happiness, which they will have imposed upon her as the warm reality. But Hester ought long ago to have done with this injustice. What did it betoken? Had seven long years, under the torture of the scarlet letter, inflicted so much of misery, and wrought out no r
14、epentance? (6) The emotions of that brief space, while she stood gazing after the crooked figure of old Roger Chillingworth, threw a dark light on Hesters state of mind, revealing much that she might not otherwise have acknowledged to herself. (7) He being gone, she summoned back her child. (8) “Pea
15、rl! Little Pearl! Where are you?“ (9) Pearl, whose activity of spirit never flagged, had been at no loss for amusement while her mother talked with the old gatherer of herbs. At first, as already told, she had flirted fancifully with her own image in a pool of water, beckoning the phantom forth, and
16、 as it declined to venture seeking a passage for herself into its sphere of impalpable earth and unattainable sky. Soon finding, however, that either she or the image was unreal, she turned elsewhere for better pastime. She made little boats out of birch-bark (桦树皮 ), and freighted them with snail-sh
17、ells, and sent out more ventures on the mighty deep than any merchant in New England; but the larger part of them foundered near the shore. She seized a live horse-shoe (鲎 ) by the tail, and made prize of several five-fingers (海星 ), and laid out a jelly-fish to melt in the warm sun. Then she took up
18、 the white foam, that streaked the line of the advancing tide, and threw it upon the breeze, scampering after it, with winged footsteps, to catch the great snowflakes ere they fell. Perceiving a flock of beach-birds, that fed and fluttered along the shore, the naughty child picked up her apron full
19、of pebbles, and, creeping from rock to rock after these small sea-fowl, displayed remarkable dexterity in pelting them. One little grey bird, with a white breast, Pearl was almost sure, had been hit by a pebble, and fluttered away with a broken wing. But then the elf-child sighed, and gave up her sp
20、ort; because it grieved her to have done harm to a little being that was as wild as the sea-breeze, or as wild as Pearl herself. (10) Her final employment was to gather sea-weed, of various kinds, and make herself a scarf, or mantle, and a head-dress, and thus assume the aspect of a little mermaid.
21、She inherited her mothers gift for devising drapery and costume. As the last touch to her mermaid garb, Pearl took some eel-grass, and imitated, as best she could, on her own bosom, the decoration with which she was so familiar on her mothers. A letter the letter A but freshly green, instead of scar
22、let! The child bent her chin upon her breast, and contemplated this device with strange interest; even as if the one only thing for which she had been sent into the world was to make out its hidden import. 1 According to Para. 1, people are most impressive by Chillingworths_. （ A） spirit （ B） figure
23、 （ C） age （ D） appearance 2 Which of the following statements in Para. 1 contains a metaphor? （ A） Would not the earth. greet him with poisonous shrubs. （ B） .as it rather seemed, a circle of ominous shadow. （ C） Would he not suddenly sink into the earth. （ D） Or would he spread bats wings and flee
24、away. 3 What can NOT be concluded from the first five paragraphs about Roger Chillingworth? （ A） He was physically and psychologically monstrous. （ B） He was deficient in human warmth. （ C） He might be a doctor. （ D） He has won his wifes heart early in their marriage. 4 Which of the following words
25、is used metaphorically, NOT literally? （ A） Study. (Para. 3) （ B） Content. (Para. 5) （ C） Snowflakes. (Para. 9) （ D） Gift. (Para. 10) 5 It can be inferred from Para. 9 that Pearl is_. （ A） naughty （ B） kind-hearted （ C） wild （ D） dexterous 5 (1) Its a golden age for studying inequality. Thomas Piket
26、ty, a French economist, set the benchmark in 2014 when his book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, was published in English and became a bestseller. The book mapped the contours of the crisis with a sweeping theory of economic history. Inequality, which had been on the wane from the 1930s until t
27、he 1970s, had risen sharply back toward the high levels of the Industrial Revolution, he argued. Now Branko Milanovic, an economist at the Luxembourg Income Study Centre and the City University of New York, has written a comprehensive follow-up. It reinforces how little is really known about economi
28、c forces of long duration. (2) In some ways Global Inequality is a less ambitious book than Capital. It is shorter, and written more like an academic working paper than a work of substantial scholarship for a wider readership. (3) Like Mr. Piketty, he begins with piles of data assembled over years o
29、f research. He sets the trends of different individual countries in a global context. Over the past 30 years the incomes of workers in the middle of the global income distribution have soared, as has pay for the richest 1%. At the same time, incomes of the working class in advanced economies have st
30、agnated. This dynamic helped create a global middle class. It also caused global economic inequality to plateau, and perhaps even decline, for the first time since industrialisation began. (4) To help interpret these facts, Mr. Milanovic provides the readers with a series of neat mental models. He m
31、uses, for instance, that at the dawn of industrialisation, inequality within countries (or class-based inequality) was responsible for the largest gaps between rich people and poor. After industrialisation, inequality across countries (or location-based inequality) became more important. But as gaps
32、 between countries become ever more narrow, class-based inequality will become more important as most of the differences in incomes between rich people and poor people will once again be due to gaps within countries. He seasons the discussion with interesting comments, such as how incomes and inequa
33、lity fell over the course of the Roman Empire. (5) Mr. Milanovics boldest contribution is about “Kuznets waves“, which he offers as an alternative to two other prevailing theories of inequality. Simon Kuznets, a 20th-century economist, argued that inequality is low at low levels of development, rise
34、s during industrialisation and falls as countries reach economic maturity; high inequality is the temporary side-effect of the developmental process. Mr. Piketty offered an alternative explanation: that high levels of inequality are the natural state of modern economies. Only unusual events, like th
35、e two world wars and the Depression of the 1930s, disrupt that normal equilibrium. (6) Mr. Milanovic suggests that both are mistaken. Across history, he reckons, inequality has tended to flow in cycles; Kuznets waves. In the pre-industrial period, these waves were governed by Malthusian dynamics: in
36、equality would rise as countries enjoyed a spell of good fortune and high incomes, then fall as war or famine dragged average income back to subsistence level. With industrialisation, the forces creating Kuznets waves changed; to technology, openness and policy (TOP, as he shortens it). In the 19th
37、century technological advance, globalisation and policy shifts all worked together in mutually reinforcing ways to produce dramatic economic change. Workers were reallocated from farms to factories, average incomes and inequality soared and the world became unprecedentedly interconnected. Then a com
38、bination of forces, some malign (war and political upheaval) and some benign (increased education) squeezed inequality to the lows of the 1970s. (7) Since then, the rich world has been riding a new Kuznets wave, propelled by another era of economic change. Technological progress and trade work toget
39、her to squeeze workers, he says; cheap technology made in foreign economies undermines the bargaining power of rich-world workers directly, and makes it easier for firms to replace people with machines. Workers declining economic power is compounded by lost political power as the very rich use their
40、 fortunes to influence candidates and elections. (8) This diagnosis carries with it a predictive element. Mr. Milanovic expects rich-world inequality to keep rising, in America especially, before eventually declining. Importantly, he argues that the downswing in inequality that occurs on the backsid
41、e of a Kuznets wave is an inevitable result of the preceding rise. Where Mr. Piketty sees the inequality-compressing historical events of the early 20th century as an accident, Mr. Milanovic believes them to be the direct result of soaring inequality. The search for foreign investment opportunities
42、engendered imperialism and set the stage for war. There are parallels, if imperfect ones, to the modern economy; rich economies seem to be stagnating as the very rich struggle to find places to earn good returns on their piles of wealth. (9) Mr. Milanovics analysis leads him to consider some dark po
43、ssibilities as he looks ahead. America looks to be falling into the grips of an undemocratic plutocracy (富豪统治 ), he says, which is dependent on an expanding security state. In Europe right-wing nativism (本土主义 ) is on the rise. The good news is that emerging economies will probably continue on their
44、path toward rich-world incomes though that, he allows, is not guaranteed, and could be threatened by political crisis in other markets. (10) The books conclusion is a little unsatisfying. A theory in which rising inequality eventually triggers countervailing social dislocations feels intuitively rig
45、ht, but it also leaves many important questions unanswered. When is war, rather than revolution, the probable outcome of inequality? Are governments at the mercy of the cycle, or can they act pre-emptively to flatten out the waves and avoid crises of high inequality? Mr. Milanovics contributions are
46、 ultimately similar to those made by Mr. Piketty. The data he provides offer a clearer picture of great economic puzzles, and his bold theorising chips away at tired economic orthodoxies. But the grand theory does as much to reveal the scale of contemporary ignorance as to illuminate the mechanics o
47、f the global economy. 6 What similarity does Branko Milanovics book share with that of Thomas Piketty? （ A） The publishing time. （ B） The length. （ C） The writing style. （ D） The beginning. 7 Which of the following statements about Kuznets waves is TRUE? （ A） It is provided by Simon Kuznets. （ B） It
48、 is complementary to Pikettys theory of inequality （ C） It considers inequality to be only affected by historical events. （ D） It considers the rises and falls of inequality as a cycle. 8 According to Mr. Milanovic, the Kuznets wave in rich countries is currently governed by_. （ A） technological pro
49、gress and trade （ B） Malthusian dynamics （ C） technology, openness and policy （ D） big political changes and improved education 9 It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the author holds a (n) _ view towards Mr. Milanovics book. （ A） subjective （ B） objective （ C） positive （ D） negative 10 The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is to_. （ A） introduce a book （ B） recommend an economist （ C） elaborate an economic theory （ D） make a comparison between two books 10 (1) In an interview near the end of his career th
