1、专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷 175及答案与解析 SECTION A In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) Were always being told by the Department of Healt
2、h to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day. But its not clear where the evidence for this comes from and a large study by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) two years ago of the dietary intake of more than 400,000 people found only a weak link between e
3、ating fruit and vegetables and a reduction in overall cancer risk. Theres no evidence it reduces breast or prostate cancer. (2) Even so, how could anyone argue against eating more fruit and vegetables? Well, it depends what fruit youre eating. A review article in the Canadian Medical Association Jou
4、rnal warns that a chemical in grapefruits can interact fatally with certain medicines. Even apple juice, the staple of many breakfast tables, may reduce our absorption of some drugs. Parents also often think fruit juice is a healthy alternative to soda drinks but juices contain sugar and calories to
5、o as much as a glass of Coke (160 calories) so should be drunk in moderation. (3) Grapefruit has also been linked to an increase in breast cancer. A study in the British Journal of Cancer (BJC) of 500,000 postmenopausal women found that eating a quarter of the fruit a day increased the risk by 30%.
6、(4) There is one good reason for not eating grapefruits they taste sour. But they are unlikely to increase your risk of breast cancer: further research in the BJC showed no increase of breast cancer in pre- or postmenopausal women who tuck into grapefruits or drink juice. (5) Grapefruit contains a t
7、ype of chemical called furanocoumarin (also found in Seville oranges and limes but not Valencia or other sweet oranges), which, by inhibiting the enzyme CYP3A4, stops the breakdown of some prescription drugs. So the concentrations of these drugs rise and can have serious side-effects, including kidn
8、ey damage, heart block (where no electrical impulses pass through the heart and it can stop beating), and deep vein thrombosis (which occurred when an oral contraceptive was taken by a woman who also ate grapefruit three days in a row). (6) Patient information leaflets should tell you what foods to
9、avoid with which drugs. If in doubt, ask your doctor. So you dont need to eat less fruit, and may still need to eat more. Another paper from the EPIC study found a 22% reduction in deaths from heart attacks in people who ate eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day compared to those who ate thre
10、e or fewer. The way the study is designed, however, means that it can only suggest a link it cant prove one. 1 EPIC conducted a research two years ago to_. （ A） prove that people should eat five portions of fruit a day （ B） find a way to reduce the overall cancer risk （ C） determine the right amount
11、 of fruit that should be eaten every day （ D） investigate the relation between eating fruit and reducing cancer risk 2 In parents opinion, fruit juice_. （ A） should not be drunk with drugs （ B） should be healthier than soda drinks （ C） may also cause weight gain （ D） could be drunk as much as the ch
12、ild like 3 The effect of the chemical in grapefruits on certain medicine might NOT lead to_. （ A） breast cancer （ B） kidney damage （ C） heart block （ D） deep vein thrombosis 3 (1) Im a 50-something male, the father of two mostly grown girls. Im happy to say that both my parents are still kicking. Im
13、 on good terms with my brothers and sisters most of the time. I am blessed with good friends and other relations, and tend to get on well with my co-workers. I am fortunate in so many ways, but feel like I consistently disappoint everyone I know. (2)I cannot, for the life of me, give a genuine compl
14、iment. It simply doesnt come naturally. When I try, and I do, in order to maintain all the aforementioned relationships, it feels forced, more a matter of obligation than a gift that might put wind in the sails of someone I truly care for. I feel strongly that giving should spring from joy, or at le
15、ast from a heartfelt desire to see the recipient enlivened by it. When I have nothing to offer in response to a job well done, or I cant cite the intrinsic value of those I love, everyone loses. I feel like Ive warped the emotional and social development of my children, alienated any number of perfe
16、ctly wonderful lovers, and generally kept the world at arms length. (3)I can recall certain compliments given to me through the years. Some of them made all the differences, whether in attaining some goal or simply affording me an elevated sense of self and my rightful place in the world. The value
17、of timely acknowledgment is obvious. (4) After years of psychotherapy and the obsessive self-examination endemic to my generation, I believe I know where this stinginess of spirit comes from. Six kids in total, at a very tender age, there were five younger, cuter kids standing between me and the obj
18、ect of our affection. Mama was driven to distraction, to put it mildly, by the demands placed on her, but it was the 1950s and she set a selfless and hardy example. I had complete sympathy for her difficult situation, even at the time. The fact remains, however, that, as a young child, I needed more
19、 than I got. I thirsted for my mothers attention. I needed to know that she valued me as more than her helper, her strong little man. I clearly recall, at the ripe old age of 7, coming to the conclusion that I would never get it. “Thats OK,“ I reckoned, “I can get by without it“ , “it“ being her lov
20、e. (5) You can imagine the sibling rivalry in all its permutations. Eventually I took haven in the written word to get away from it. But even before I learned to read, I had realized that giving any sign of approval or encouragement to my brothers and sisters could only serve to increase the gulf be
21、tween me and my mom. Does that make sense? I can rationalize otherwise, of course, and now were all “one big happy family“ , but the damage is done. I want to be gracious and giving, but when I even think to reach into that purse, however, its pretty much empty. 4 Which of the following may NOT desc
22、ribe the character of the authors mother? （ A） Expressive. （ B） Unselfish. （ C） Realistic. （ D） Tough. 5 The authors experiences during childhood indicate all of the following EXCEPT that_. （ A） the author is the first child of the family （ B） his family led a very hard life （ C） his mother gave les
23、s attention to him （ D） his mother treated him as more than an assistant 6 From the passage, we can draw a conclusion that_. （ A） family has a strong influence on a person （ B） compliments are very important to a person （ C） one should treasure the relationship with others （ D） when facing tough tim
24、e, one should never give up 6 (1) In an effort to sustain commercial and recreational fishing for the next several decades, the United States this year will become the first country to impose catch limits for every species it manages, from Alaskan pollock (鳕鱼 ) to Caribbean queen conch (海螺 ). Althou
25、gh the policy has attracted scant attention outside the community of those who fish in America and the officials who regulate them, it marks an important shift in a pursuit that has helped define the country since its founding. (2) Catch limits are intended to protect the 528 species in federally ma
26、naged fisheries. Unlike most recent environmental policy debates, which have divided neatly along party lines, this one is about a policy that was forged under President George W. Bush and finalized with President Obamas backing. “Its something thats arguably first in the world,“ said Eric Schwaab,
27、the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations assistant administrator for fisheries. “Its a huge accomplishment for the country. “ (3) Five years ago, Bush signed a reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which dates to the mid-1970s and governs all fishing in U. S. waters. A bipartisan
28、coalition of lawmakers joined environmental groups, some fishing interests and scientists to insert language in the law requiring each fishery to have annual catch limits in place by the end of 2011 to end overfishing. (4) Although NOAA didnt meet the laws Dec. 31 deadline it has finalized 40 of the
29、 46 fishery management plans that cover all federally managed stocks officials said they are confident that they will have annual catch limits in place by the time the 2012 fishing year begins for all species. (The timing varies depending on the fish, with some seasons starting May 1 or later.) Some
30、 fish, such as mahi-mahi (海豚鱼 ) and the prize game fish wahoo (刺鲅 ) in the southeast Atlantic, will have catch limits for the first time. (5) Until recently the nations regional management councils, which write the rules for the 528 fish stocks under the federal governments jurisdiction, regularly f
31、louted scientific advice and authorized more fishing than could be sustained, according to scientists. Joshua Reichert, managing director of the Pew Environment Group, said the laws ban on overfishing forced fishery managers to impose limits that some commercial and recreational fishers had resisted
32、 for years. “This simple but enormously powerful provision had eluded lawmakers for years and is probably the most important conservation statute ever enacted into Americas fisheries law,“ Reichert said. (6) And unlike many environmental regulations, which are written and enforced by Washington offi
33、cials, the fishing limits were established by regional councils representing a mix of local interests. “Because the final decisions were left on the local level, you have a higher assurance of success,“ said James L. Connaughton, who helped prepare the reauthorization bill while chairing the White H
34、ouse Council on Environmental Quality. “If it had been imposed in Washington, wed still be stuck in 10 years of litigation. “ (7) But the changes have not come without a fight, and an array of critics are seeking to undo them. Some commercial and recreational operators, along with their congressiona
35、l allies, argue that regulators lack the scientific data to justify the restrictions. And they suggest that the ambitious goals the law prescribes, including a mandate to rebuild any depleted fish stock within a decade, are arbitrary and rigid. 7 Which of the following statements about “catch limit
36、policy“ is CORRECT? （ A） It has attracted the attention of the whole society. （ B） It has led to opposite opinions from different parties. （ C） It sets limits on the fishery of all federally managed stocks. （ D） All the catch limits have been finalized by the end of the year 2011. 8 It can be inferr
37、ed from the passage that_. （ A） the U. S. is an innovator in fishery regulation for it has set a universal catch limit （ B） the Magnuson-Stevens Act is invalid for the time being （ C） the U. S. has precedents in the process of formulating fishery limits （ D） the regional management councils were ign
38、oring the sustainability of fishery before 8 (1)I have an uncle who was for years a Chicago public school teacher. Passionate and articulate about his subject, biology, Arnie cared a great deal about whether the kids learned in his class. (2) But heres the disturbing thing he recalls about his caree
39、r; (3) In the years that his classes were filled with kids from poor, broken homes who didnt eat or sleep with any regularity, he worried that he wasnt nearly as effective as he wanted to be. He reached some of the kids, sometimes, with some material, but not enough to his liking, no matter what he
40、did or how hard he tried. (4) When he changed schools and suddenly was teaching kids from middle-class families who valued education, he instantly became a brilliant teacher. His students progressed at a fast clip, and everything he did seemed to work. (5) What some school reformers seem to forget i
41、s that the kids circumstances outside school affect their class performance: how much they eat, how much they sleep, how many words they heard when they were young, how many books were made available to them, the abilities and the disabilities with which they were born, etc. (6) What happens in the
42、classroom is incredibly powerful, but it is not the only thing that matters. (7) This is why it was so disheartening to hear President Obama wade into a debate about last weeks firing of all of the educators at Central Falls High School in Rhode Island. (8) The firings by the Central Falls school tr
43、ustees made big headlines, not because reconstituting a school is new, but perhaps because it is the only school in the states poorest and smallest city, and because it was not reported as being the consequence of years of calculated efforts to fix the school (even if it was). (9) Education Secretar
44、y Arne Duncan immediately applauded the move, saying the committee members were “ showing courage and doing the right thing for kids. “ (10) And today, Obama felt the need to jump in, saying in a speech; (11) “So if a school is struggling, we have to work with the principal and the teachers to find
45、a solution. Weve got to give them a chance to make meaningful improvements. But if a school continues to fail its students year after year after year, if it doesnt show signs of improvement, then theres got to be a sense of accountability. “ (12) “And thats what happened in Rhode Island last week at
46、 a chronically troubled school, when just 7 percent of 11th graders passed state math tests 7 percent. When a school board wasnt able to deliver change by other means, they voted to lay off the faculty and the staff. As my Education Secretary Arne Duncan says, our kids get only one chance at an educ
47、ation, and we need to get it right. “ (13) One thing that Obama got right; the school board wasnt able to deliver change, but, unfortunately, the school board didnt fire itself. It fired all the administrators and teachers, as if they were the only things responsible for student failure. (14) I wish
48、 someone would tell Obama the truth about school restructuring. 9 According to the author, why did the firings in the Central Falls school arouse so much attention? （ A） Because the school has never tried to enhance its situation. （ B） Because the school was located in a poor area. （ C） Because Obam
49、a attended a debate on the firings. （ D） Because the school would not be shut down. 10 The author disagrees with Obama on the judgment that_. （ A） the school failed to make meaningful improvement （ B） the school had made great effort to fix itself （ C） the faculty totally accounted for the failure of the students （ D） the school board wasnt able to deliver a change SECTION B In this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with No
