1、专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷 198及答案与解析 SECTION A In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) The entrance of the Judge, and a consequent great
2、 stir and settling down in the court, stopped the dialogue. Presently, the dock became the central point of interest. Two gaolers, who had been standing there, went out, and the prisoner was brought in, and put to the bar. (2) Everybody present, except the one wigged gentleman who looked at the ceil
3、ing, stared at him. All the human breath in the place, rolled at him, like a sea, or a wind, or a fire. Eager faces strained round pillars and corners, to get a sight of him; spectators in back rows stood up, not to miss a hair of him; people on the floor of the court, laid their hands on the should
4、ers of the people before them, to help themselves, at anybodys cost, to a view of him stood a-tiptoe, got upon ledges (窗台 ), stood upon next to nothing, to see every inch of him. Conspicuous among these latter, like an animated bit of the spiked wall of Newgate, Jerry stood; aiming at the prisoner t
5、he beery breath of a whet he had taken as he came along, and discharging it to mingle with the waves of other beer, and gin, and tea, and coffee, and what not, that flowed at him, and already broke upon the great windows behind him in an impure mist (薄雾 ) and rain. (3) The object of all this staring
6、 and blaring, was a young man of about five-and-twenty, well-grown and well-looking, with a sunburnt cheek and a dark eye. His condition was that of a young gentleman. He was plainly dressed in black, or very dark grey, and his hair, which was long and dark, was gathered in a ribbon at the back of h
7、is neck; more to be out of his way than for ornament. As an emotion of the mind will express itself through any covering of the body, so the paleness which his situation engendered (引起 ) came through the brown upon his cheek, showing the soul to be stronger than the sun. He was otherwise quite self-
8、possessed, bowed to the Judge, and stood quiet. (4) The sort of interest with which this man was stared and breathed at, was not a sort that elevated humanity. Had he stood in peril of a less horrible sentence had there been a chance of any one of its savage details being spared by just so much woul
9、d he have lost in his fascination. The form that was to be doomed to be so shamefully mangled (乱砍 ), was the sight; the immortal creature that was to be so butchered and torn asunder (化为碎片地 ), yielded the sensation. Whatever gloss (粉饰 ) the various spectators put upon the interest, according to thei
10、r several arts and powers of self-deceit, the interest was, at the root of it, Ogreish (恐怖的 ). (5) Silence in the court! Charles Darnay had yesterday pleaded Not Guilty to an indictment (公诉 ) denouncing him (with infinite jingle and jangle) for that he was a false traitor to our serene, illustrious,
11、 excellent, and so forth, prince, our Lord the King, by reason of his having, on divers (各种各样的 ) occasions, and by divers means and ways, assisted Lewis, the French King, in his wars against our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth; that was to say, by coming and going, between the domi
12、nions of our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth, and those of the said French Lewis, and wickedly, falsely, traitorously, and otherwise evil-adverbiously, revealing to the said French Lewis what forces our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth, had in preparation to send t
13、o Canada and North America. This much, Jerry, with his head becoming more and more spiky as the law terms bristled it, made out with huge satisfaction, and so arrived circuitously (曲折地 ) at the understanding that the aforesaid (上述的 ), and over and over again aforesaid, Charles Darnay, stood there be
14、fore him upon his trial; that the jury were swearing in; and that Mr. Attorney-General was making ready to speak. (6) The accused, who was (and who knew he was) being mentally hanged, beheaded, and quartered, by everybody there, neither flinched from the situation, nor assumed any theatrical air in
15、it. He was quiet and attentive; watched the opening proceedings with a grave interest; and stood with his hands resting on the slab (厚板 ) of wood before him, so composedly, that they had not displaced a leaf of the herbs with which it was strewn. The court was all bestrewn with herbs and sprinkled w
16、ith vinegar, as a precaution against gaol air and gaol fever (斑疹伤寒 ). 1 According to Para. 4, people were so interested in the young man because of_. （ A） his attractive appearance （ B） their sympathy to him （ C） the sentence given to him （ D） the serious crime committed by him 2 According to Para.
17、6, the criminal was_in the court. （ A） scared （ B） heroic （ C） furious （ D） calm 2 (1) A college degree has never been more necessary: graduates earn, on average, 80% more than high-school graduates. Yet ever more Americans are taking on serious debt in exchange for that diploma. Between 2004 and 20
18、14, student-loan balances more than tripled to nearly $ 1. 2 trillion (万亿 ). The average debtor leaves college owing around $ 27,000. (2) Some of this mounting debt is good news. More Americans are going to collegeundergraduate enrollment rose by nearly 40% between 2000 and 2010, according to the Na
19、tional Centre for Education Statistics. Many are also staying around for a second degree. But the cost of college has also risen sharply, as state spending on higher education has plummeted. Average tuition fees have surged 40% in the decade to 2015 -16 for full-time students at public four-year col
20、leges, and 26% at private ones. Those who take longer to graduate as many increasingly do simply rack up more loans. (3) Outstanding student loans are now second only to mortgages when it comes to household debt in America. This makes some economists worry about their macroeconomic (宏观经济的 ) effects.
21、 Though the housing market has been steadily recovering, the share of first-time buyers continues to decline, and is now at its lowest point in nearly three decades, according to the National Association of Realtors (房地产经纪人 ). The home-ownership rate among 30-year-olds has been tumbling, but the fal
22、l has been especially fast among those paying off student loans, according to the New York Fed. (4) So are the soaring costs of college keeping millennials (千禧一代 ) from starting households of their own? Not according to a new paper from Jason Houle of Dartmouth and Lawrence Berger of the University
23、of Wisconsin-Madison. Using longitudinal data on college-going Americans who were aged between 12 and 17 in 1997, the authors found that student-loan debtors were in fact more likely than non-debtors to own a house by the age of 30. But this was mostly because debtors tended to be older, employed, m
24、arried and with children, and the debt was largely irrelevant. (5) Others have found that student debt may delay home-ownership, but does not deter it entirely. In an analysis of data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey, Daniel Cooper and J. Christina Wang of the Federal Reserve Bank o
25、f Boston noted that young debtors were less likely to own a home than their debt-free peers. Yet when the authors confined their analysis to college graduates, they found that debtors in their late-20s were more likely to own a home than non-debtors. So the reason for the delay in home-buying among
26、those with student loans seems to have been that many had dropped out before earning their degree. (6) The decline in young home-owners seems to be part of a larger trend of deferring the conventional trappings of adulthood. The share of 18- to 34-year-olds who are married with children has fallen f
27、rom 27% in 2000 to 20% in 2015. Several studies have asked whether student debt is nudging youngsters to put off marriage vows and stick to birth control, but the link seems tenuous (脆弱的 ). As for home-ownership, perhaps the biggest challenge facing young home-buyers is the fact that prices have out
28、paced (超过 ) income growth for 15 years. (7) The amount of debt a student has is often less important than the college or the degree. Students with the most debt often have the greatest earning power, as degrees in business, law and medicine tend to be especially costly. The young adults who tend to
29、be most hobbled (阻碍 ) by their student debt are those who either dropped out or went somewhere non-selective. (8) There are even signs that taking on more student debt reduces the odds of bouncing back home to live with ones parents, as long as it results in a degree. In an analysis of longitudinal
30、data on college-going Americans born between 1980 and 1984, Mr Houle and Cody Warner of Montana State University found that the young adults who returned home tended to be younger, underemployed, modestly indebted and from privileged homes. College drop-outs had a particularly high risk of returning
31、 to the nest. Every 10% rise in college debt reduced the odds of returning home by around 17% . (9) Millennials may be sluggish about starting their own households, but college graduates are more likely to do so than their less-educated peers, according to the Pew Research Centre. The earnings of yo
32、ung degree-holders are nearly double those of young high-school graduates. There is little question that the rising cost of college education is a problem, but the cost of not going or, worse, dropping out is higher still. 3 According to Para. 2, the mounting student debt is caused by all the follow
33、ing EXCEPT_. （ A） the number of college students enrolled （ B） the number of students pursuing a masters degree （ C） the tuition fees at public and private colleges （ D） the time taken by students to graduate from college 4 It can be inferred from Para. 3 that_. （ A） mortgages rank first in American
34、 household debt （ B） the situation of housing market is becoming worse （ C） the present share of first-time buyers in the housing market is the lowest to date （ D） the home-ownership rate has dropped sharply among 30-year-olds in debt 5 According to Mr Houle and Cody Warner, those_were less likely t
35、o live off their parents. （ A） at a younger age （ B） out of work （ C） who quit college （ D） with high debts 5 (1) We hear more and more that organizations must have a “purpose. “ Purpose is on the agenda of the World Economic Forum in Davos, and discussed by celebrity CEOs like Richard Branson of Vi
36、rgin Group, who has said, “Its always been my objective to create businesses with a defined Purpose beyond just making money. “ Oxford University and Ernst and Young found that public dialog on purpose has increased five-fold between 1995 and 2016. (2) But is all this talk about purpose actually del
37、ivering business results? Most companies have mission and vision statements, but those tend to communicate very little about a companys purpose. They all use the same words, such as “respect,“ “teamwork,“ and “innovation.“ But many, perhaps most, of the same organizations lack those characteristics.
38、 A recent study found that corporate jargon (术语 ) about values has absolutely no relationship with firm performance. (3) In a new research paper we tried to determine if all the resources companies are putting toward at least the appearance of purpose are working. We constructed a measure of corpora
39、te purpose within a sample of 429 U. S. companies, based on more than 450,000 survey responses of worker perceptions about their employers. Our evidence comes from a proprietary survey from the Great Place To Work (GPTW) Institute that covers employees across all hierarchical levels within hundreds
40、of organizations that rate their employers in terms of a wide variety of organizational workplace variables. (4) The primary benefit of this dataset (数据集 ) is that it allows us to construct measures across a diverse set of companies based on actual employee beliefs about their employer. A subset of
41、the survey asks employees to agree or disagree with statements like: “My work has special meaning: this is not just a job“ ; “I feel good about the ways we contribute to the community“ ; “When I look at what we accomplish, I feel a sense of pride“ ; and “ Im proud to tell others I work here. “ (5) N
42、otice that these questions do not ask exactly what that purpose is, whether it is to save the environment, advance human health, push the technological frontier, or provide cheap and efficient energy for all. The actual purpose of the company can differ wildly across companies. All that matters for
43、our purposes is that it focuses employees on a goal beyond profit-maximization and resonates (共鸣 ) in a meaningful and personal way within the company. (6) The Great Places to Work survey also gives us the opportunity to measure other employee beliefs about their employer (e. g. fairness, management
44、 quality) and connect them both to purpose and financial performance. Even more interestingly, the survey allows us to measure these beliefs at various job levels, from executives down to hourly workers, and report how beliefs differ by job levels and how those differences relate to performance. (7)
45、 So what did we find? (8) Interestingly, in our initial analysis, we found that our measures of purpose werent correlated with firm financial performance in either direction. (9) We then performed what is called a “factor analysis“ on the survey responses. This analysis lets us see how purpose inter
46、acts with other attributes (属性 ) in the data. From this analysis, we identify two types of companies with purpose. The first type, high purpose-camaraderie organizations, includes companies that score high on purpose and also on dimensions of workplace camaraderie (e. g. “This is a fun place to work
47、“ ; “We are all in this together“; “There is a family or team feeling here“). The second type includes high Purpose-Clarity organizations that score high on purpose but also on dimensions of management clarity (e. g. “Management makes its expectations clear“ ; “Management has a clear view of where t
48、he organization is going and how to get there“). (10) When we replaced our initial measure of purpose with these measures capturing the two types of purpose organizations, we found that only the high Purpose-Clarity organizations exhibit superior accounting and stock market performance. (11) We also
49、 found that middle managers and professional workers seem to be the key players in driving this relationship, not hourly workers and not top executives. This last finding underscores the absolute importance of fostering an effective middle manager layer within firms: managers who buy into the vision of the company and can make daily decisions that guide the firm in the right direction. (12) Ultimately, our study suggests that purpose does, in fact, matter. But it only matters if it is implemented in conjunction with clear, concise direction
