1、历史文化练习试卷 3及答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 Born in 1451, the son of an Italian weaver, Christopher Columbus took to the sea at an early age, making up for his lack of formal education by te
2、aching himself geography, navigation, and Latin. By the 1480s Columbus - a tall, red-haired, long-faced man with a ruddy complexion, oval eyes, and a prominent nose - was an experienced seaman. Dazzled by the prospect of Asian riches, he hatched a scheme to reach the Indies (India, China, the East I
3、ndies, or Japan) by sailing west. After the courts of Portugal, England, and France showed little interest in his plan, Columbus turned to Spain for backing. He won the support of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs, and himself raised much of the money needed to finance the voyage. The leg
4、end that the queen had to hock the crown jewels is as spurious as the fable that Columbus set out to prove the earth was round. Columbus chartered one seventy-five-foot ship, the Santa Maria, and the Spanish city of Palos supplied two smaller caravels, the Pinta and Nina. From Palos this little squa
5、dron, with eighty-seven officers and men, set sail westward for what Columbus thought was Asia. The first leg of the journey went well, thanks to a strong trade wind. But then the breeze lagged, the days passed, and the crew began to grumble about their captains farfetched plan. To rally flagging mo
6、rale, he reminded the crew of the dazzling riches awaiting them. Yet skepticism remained rife, and he finally promised that the expedition would mm back if land were not sighted in three days. Early on October 12, 1492, after thirty-three days at sea, a lookout on the Santa Maria yelled “Tierra ! Ti
7、erra ! Land ! Land ! “ It was an island in the Bahamas that Columbus named San Salvador (Blessed Savior). According to Columbuss own reckoning he was near the Indies, so he called the island people los Indios. He described the Indians as naked people, “very well made, of very handsome bodies and ver
8、y good faces.“ The Arawak Indians paddled out in dugout logs, which they called canoes, and offered gifts to the strangers. Their warm generosity and docile temperament led Columbus to write in his journal that “they invite you to share anything that they possess, and show as much love as if their h
9、earts went with it.“ Yet he added that “with fifty men they could all be subjugated and compelled to do anything one wishes.“ 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the following passage into English. The time for this part is 60 minutes. 2 1895年，中国在中日甲午战争中战败，陷入了深刻的国家危机，世界列强威胁要瓜
10、分中国。那些忧患国家命运的知识分子要求改革，不仅工业和军事方面要改，政治体制也得改。康有为、梁启超和谭嗣同便是维新派的代表人物。 康有为会同一千三百多名举人联名上书光绪皇帝，要 求维新变法。康有为主张以君主立宪制代替封建专制。康有为的学生梁启超协助撰写文章，宣传变法思想。相比之下，谭嗣同更为激进，撰写了仁学一书批驳传统思想。 维新派不断发表演说，出版论著，在报上撰文，阐明变法的必要性。中国的危急形势在一定程度上帮助了他们，当时的形势表明中国除了变法之外别无出路。但是，顽固派，在国内，尤其是在统治阶级中的势力仍然十分强大。他们极力反对变法，认为要变的是人，不是法，因为所有的错误都来自于人们的错误
11、想法。 1898年，康有为再次上书光绪皇帝。他谏言只有维新变法才能救国，不 变法国家就要灭亡。这一次，光绪皇帝被说动了，赞同了康有为的观点和建议。 1898年 6月，他让康有为和其他一些变法派在政府中担任要职，并授权他们进行改革。 他们采取的主要是一些经济和教育改良措施，诸如鼓励工商业，设立学校，改革科举制度，裁撤一些不必要的政府机构。但是真正执掌大权的是以慈禧太后为首的顽固派，他们非常憎恨这些举措，强烈反对。在军队的协助下，慈禧于 9月发动政变。将光绪皇帝软禁，并且杀害了谭嗣同等六位维新志士。康有为和梁启超侥幸逃脱。百日维新就这样宣告结束。 变法的失败给进步人士这样一个教训 ：要在清廷的统治
12、下改革政治体制是不可能的。不久以后，以孙中山为首的具有更为激进思想的人们开始策划武装起义推翻清王朝。历经失败之后，终于在 1911年取得了胜利。 历史文化练习试卷 3答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 【正确答案】 1451年，克里斯 托夫 ?哥伦布出生在一个意大利织工家庭。他从小就对航海着迷，自学了地理学、航海术和拉丁语，以此弥补没受过正规教育的
13、缺憾。到了 15世纪 80年代，哥伦布已经是一位经验丰富的水手了，他身材高大，红头发，瘦长脸，面色红润，圆眼睛，高鼻梁。图片上美轮美奂的亚洲风光让哥伦布为之神往，于是他策划向西航行到印度群岛 (包括印度、中国、东印度群岛或日本 )。葡萄牙、英格兰和法国朝廷对此没有兴趣，于是哥伦布便转向西班牙求助，得到了国王斐迪南德和王后伊莎贝拉的支持。他自己还筹措了这次航海的很大一部分资金。传说王后抵押了自己王冠上的珠 宝来资助他，纯属无稽之谈，这就和说哥伦布航海是为了证明地球是圆的一样荒谬。 哥伦布自己租了一条 75英尺长的船，船名叫 “圣玛利亚 ”号，西班牙城市帕洛斯出了两条稍小的三桅帆船 “平塔 ”号和
14、 “尼娜 ”号。这支 75人的队伍就从帕洛斯起航了，朝着哥伦布心目中的亚洲向西进发。起初贸易风强劲，船队顺风顺水，十分顺利。但接着风就不那么帮忙了，日子一天天过去，水手们开始抱怨船长的计划异想天开。为了鼓舞士气，哥伦布向大家描绘了一番金银财宝任取任拿的灿烂前景。尽管如此，大家仍心存疑虑。最后，他承诺，如果三天后还见不到陆地，就打 道回府。 1492年 10月 12日一大早，在海上整整航行了 33天之后， “圣玛利亚 ”号上的嘹望员突然放声大喊： “啊 !陆地 !”那是巴哈马群岛的一座岛屿，哥伦布把它命名为圣萨尔瓦多 (意为 “神圣的救世主 ”)。哥伦布自己估算，他差不多到了东印度群岛，所以管那
15、儿的人叫印第安人。在他的描述中，印第安人浑身赤裸， “身体壮实，身材健美，长相标致 ”。阿拉瓦克印第安人划着挖空树干做成的独木舟，出来迎接，给这群陌生人献礼。他们慷慨热情，性情温顺，哥伦布在航海日记中写道， “他们倾其所有，邀君共享，一腔热忱，绝无保留。 ”他 还写道， “只需 50人便足以降伏他们，任我差遣。 ” 【知识模块】 历史文化 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the following passage into English. The time for this part is 60 minu
16、tes. 2 【正确答案】 In 1895, after defeated in the war of 1894, China was in a deep national crisis, for the big powers threatened to partition China. Scholars who were worded about the fate of the country called for reform, not only in industry and military affairs, but also in the political system. Outs
17、tanding among these people were Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong. Kang and over 1,300 other scholars submitted a memorial to Emperor Guangxu, suggesting political reform. Kang was for the substitution of constitutional monarchy for feudal autocracy. Liang, once a student of Kang, helped Kang
18、 by writing articles propagating reformist ideas. Tan was more radical than the others. He wrote On Benevolence criticizing traditional ideas. The reformists frequently made speeches, published books and wrote articles in newspapers to explain the necessity of reform. They were in a way helped by th
19、e critical situation of the country, which showed that China had no way out except reform. But conservatives, or diehards, were still a strong force, especially in the ruling class. They were against all changes and contended what was necessary was to change men, not law, for all faults came from me
20、ns wrong thinking. In 1898 Kang Youwei submitted to the emperor another memorial, in which he warned that only political changes could save the country, and that the country would perish without major, changes. This time Emperor Guangxu was persuaded and agreed to Kangs views and suggestions. In Jun
21、e 1898 he gave Kang and a few other reformists important positions in the government and empowered them to carry out reform. They took mainly economic and educational measures, such as the encouragement of industry and commerce, the establishment of schools, the reform of the civil service examinati
22、on system, and the abolition of some unnecessary government organs. But the conservative force led by Empress Dowager Cixi, who had real power, bitterly hated and strongly opposed these measures. With the help of some military men, Cixi counter-attacked in September. She put Emperor Guangxu under ho
23、use arrest, and killed Tan Sitong and five other reformists. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao narrowly, escaped. The hundred-day reform was thus brought to an end. The failure of the reformists taught the progressive people a lesson: it would be impossible to change the political system under Qing role. Shortly afterwards, people with more radical ideas led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen began preparing for armed uprisings to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. After a series of failures, they finally succeeded in 1911. 【知识模块】 历史文化
