1、同济大学考博英语模拟试卷 4及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spe
2、nd and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every
3、new generation is different from the one that preceded it Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They dont like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is prec
4、isely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are no
5、thing more than enforced slavery. Wouldnt people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human diffe
6、rences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material
7、possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Havent the old lost touch with all that is important in life? These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasnt been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to th
8、eir elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old if they are prepared to admit it could earn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not “sinful“. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It
9、is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the conti
10、nual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it? 1 Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? （ A） Enjoyment will be the Only Pursuit in our Life. （ B）
11、The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire. （ C） Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life. （ D） The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less. 2 What does the author intend to demonstrate with “office hours“ adopted by the old ( Paragraph 2) ? （ A） A type of enforced systems. （ B） A symbol for hu
12、man initiatives. （ C） A sort of freedom deprivation. （ D） A token for the old obsoleteness. 3 It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by_ （ A） exemplifying the misdeeds of the old. （ B） refuting general assumptions. （ C） quoting famous sayings and proverbs. （ D） resorting to stati
13、stical evidence. 4 When mentioning “the rat-race“ (Paragraph 2) , the author is pouring scorn on the old for their_ （ A） undignified competition for social status. （ B） failure to solve human conflicts by violence. （ C） guilty for not learning the art of enjoyment （ D） adherence only to their challe
14、nged values. 4 Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician
15、 to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be. Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patie
16、nts to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Associations policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper “Active and Passive Euthanasia“ I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die if one
17、 is permissible, then so is the other. Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction “leave the t
18、raditional position untouched“. Is my argument really irrelevant? I don t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few
19、 more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissib
20、le. But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia the direct killing of patients is not morally permissible; so, if my argument is sound, their view must be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument “leave the traditional position-untouched“. However, I shall not pr
21、ess this point Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life
22、 of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary. 5 The authors purpose in writing this passage is_ （ A） to air his opinions on Sullivans fallac
23、ies. （ B） to attack the traditional view on euthanasia. （ C） to explain why his argument is relevant （ D） to draw a line between killing and letting die. 6 According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is_ （ A） rather confusing. （ B） partially true. （ C） qui
24、te convincing. （ D） totally groundless. 7 Which of the following best defines the word “omission“ (Paragraph 6) ? （ A） Involvement （ B） Sympathy. （ C） Suspension. （ D） Appraisal. 8 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? （ A） Orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some c
25、ircumstances. （ B） Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die. （ C） Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. （ D） The author doesnt agree that he left the traditional position untouched. 8 Science writer Tom Standage draws apt paralle
26、ls between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraphs land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th centurys research in electromagnetism. The Internets computers and
27、 high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology. But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happea Standages insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the rel
28、evance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made the technology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the In
29、ternets way today. Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is se
30、nt from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners. Then there is the social impact The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individua
31、ls scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report q
32、uickly without the Internet In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A
33、provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever. Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about
34、 the Internet While communications can smooth this process, they dont automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties. 9 In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the st
35、rategy of_ （ A） making a comparison. （ B） posing a contrast （ C） drawing an analogy. （ D） enumerating details. 10 The word “gizmos“ ( Paragraph 2) most probably means_ （ A） scientists. （ B） devices. （ C） pioneers. （ D） institutions. 11 Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?
36、 （ A） It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible. （ B） It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism. （ C） It makes real time global news service possible. （ D） It accelerated the liberalization of world trade. 12 As used in the context, the denotation of “provincialism“ (Paragraph 4)
37、 is closely associated with_ （ A） rigidity in thinking. （ B） interests in global affairs. （ C） limitedness in outlook. （ D） residence in the provinces. 13 It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon_ （ A） smooth appl
38、ications. （ B） universal access. （ C） global news services. （ D） human factors. 13 In an effort to alleviate Americas increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy
39、 Act of 2001. While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Re
40、fuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration. Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too la
41、te to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face. Yet such arguments simply don t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows how much oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrel
42、s of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment Moreover, there is little evidence
43、 that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental “footprint“ left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resultin
44、g from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, “Over the past 20 years, the population of pola
45、r bears has remained exceedingly healthy, “ according to Mr. Murkowski. Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil wont reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term ener
46、gy shortages and reduce Americas dependence on foreign oil. Currently, about 55 percent of Americas daily oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources 700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the
47、Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, “fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability. “ America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resou
48、rces at ANWR. 14 According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started_ （ A） in the wake of a power crisis. （ B） despite its harmful effects. （ C） in the interests of the public （ D） in the light of solid evidence. 15 The word “mitigate“ ( Paragraph 1 ) most probably means_ （ A） lessen. （ B） aug
49、ment （ C） migrate. （ D） modify. 16 Which of the following is NOT true according to the text? （ A） It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US. （ B） Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched. （ C） Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies. （ D） Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment 16 Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive e
