1、国家公共英语（四级）笔试模拟试卷 328及答案与解析 PART A Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a conversation. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twi
2、ce. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. 1 PART B Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear a passage. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and the questions below. 6 PART C Directions: You will he
3、ar three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear eac
4、h piece ONLY ONCE. 11 What is the most fundamental difference between plants and animals? （ A） Plants produce their own food but animals dont. （ B） Plant cells have a wall which is non-living in chemical nature but animal cells haven t. （ C） Plants are green but animals aren t. （ D） Plants cant move
5、 but animals can. 12 Which of the following is TRUE about plants? （ A） They have the power of locomotion. （ B） They have a wider range of foods than animals. （ C） They are very diverse in their external appearance. （ D） They are less sensitive than animals. 13 What can we infer from the passage? （ A
6、） Plants have more characteristics than animals. （ B） Animals have more characteristics than plants. （ C） Plants and animals are different in several ways. （ D） Plants and animals are less powerful than human beings. 14 What must you make sure when you load the cassette? （ A） That you open the recor
7、der. （ B） That you get the power supply. （ C） That you get the right side of the tape facing you. （ D） That you switch the recorder on. 15 What may the red thing do besides recording? （ A） Wipe off the sound on the tape. （ B） Play the recorder. （ C） Set the recorder to work. （ D） Stop the recorder.
8、16 What button do you press if you want to listen again what has been played? （ A） Pause button. （ B） Record button. （ C） Forward button. （ D） Rewind button. 17 What hasn t Devorah Day involved in? （ A） Madrigals. （ B） Folk. （ C） Rock. （ D） Opera. 18 What is Devorah Day going to sing in future? （ A）
9、 Continue to sing jazz. （ B） Transfer to opera. （ C） Whatever songs she is offered. （ D） She is not sure. 19 How is her family? （ A） It doesnt have any musical background. （ B） It has many musicians. （ C） They pay much attention to Day s work. （ D） They didnt care about Day at all. 20 Which statemen
10、t is true about Devorah Day? （ A） She starts singing as a jazz singer. （ B） The session for the album was done in 1999. （ C） Her family supports her work very much. （ D） She has faith in herself despite opposition of people around. 一、 Section II Use of English (15 minutes) Directions: Read the follo
11、wing text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 20 Among the raft of books, articles, jokes, romantic comedies, self-help guides and other writings discussing marriage, some familiar ideas often crop up. Few appear more often than the 【 C1】 _that many
12、 old couples look alike. You have probably seen it beforetwo elderly people walking hand-in-hand down the street or sitting at a cafe,【 C2】 _each other so strongly that they could be siblings. Do these couples actually look alike, and if【 C3】 _what has caused them to develop this way? A study publis
13、hed in the March 2006 issue of Personality and Individual Differences may have the【 C4】 _. Twenty-two people, divided equally between male and female, participated in the study. They were asked to judge the looks, personalities and ages of 160 married couples. The participants viewed photographs of
14、men and women separately and were【 C5】 _told who was married to whom. The subjects consistently judged people who were married【 C6】 _being similar【 C7】_appearance and personality. The researchers also found that couples who had been together longer appeared more similar. This result【 C8】 _itself may
15、 not seem surprising, but the study also offered some answers on【 C9】 _ couples may look alike. To start, consider that life experiences can end up being reflected physically. Someone【 C10】 _is happy and smiles more will develop the facial muscles and wrinkles related to smiling. The years of experi
16、ence of an elderly couple s marriage, happy【 C11】 _not, would then be reflected in their【 C12】 _. Genetic influences are【 C13】 _ factor. A past study showed that genetically similar people have better marriages. Such families have【 C14】 _incidents of child abuse and a lower rate of miscarriages. Peo
17、ple also appear to be more selfless【 C15】 _involved with genetically similar partners. 21 【 C1】 22 【 C2】 23 【 C3】 24 【 C4】 25 【 C5】 26 【 C6】 27 【 C7】 28 【 C8】 29 【 C9】 30 【 C10】 31 【 C11】 32 【 C12】 33 【 C13】 34 【 C14】 35 【 C15】 Part A 35 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolut
18、ion proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 【 R1】 _. A
19、merican social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropologythe scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how a
20、ll aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【 R2】 _. In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cult
21、ures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【 R3】 _. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.【 R4】 _. Historical particularism became a dominant approach
22、to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to t
23、he inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【 R5】 _. Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs fun
24、ctioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology. A Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed f
25、rom society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. B In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and a-natomy. C He argued that human evolution was cha
26、racterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,“ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. D They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people s social structure, such as initiation ceremon
27、ies that formally signify children s entrance into adulthood. E Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage , categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societie
28、s evolved. F Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning. G For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrecdy suggested , on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery
29、making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world. 36 【 R1】 37 【 R2】 38 【 R3】 39 【 R4】 40 【 R5】 Part B Directions: Read the following four texts. Answ
30、er the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 40 The core of Greece s troubles is too much spending, too little tax-collecting and book-cooking. Spain and Ireland are in trouble even if the percentage of their public debt in gross domestic product i
31、s much smaller than that of Germany. Italy, also in the financial markets crosshairs, has high public debt but a lower deficit than the eurozone s average. The root of these countries problems is that their prices and wages have risen much faster than those of other eurozone members. There are two w
32、ays to mitigate the pain. First, to adopt temporarily more expansionary fiscal policies for a while. Or, more powerfully, the wider euro area could adopt more expansionary monetary policies for several years. As to the second option, the “inflation fundamentalists“ will have none of it. This elite c
33、onsisting of central bankers, top economic officials, politicians, academics and journalists insists that it is unacceptable to allow inflation to climb above two percent. Hyper-inflation in Germany in the 1930s and stagflation in industrial countries in the 1970s and 1980s support their view. It s
34、true that moderate inflation can creep up to become high inflation. But inflation fundamentalism can also hurt. There is little if any empirical evidence that moderate inflation hurts growth. In most countries, cutting actual wages is politically difficult if not impossible. But, to regain competiti
35、veness and balance the books, real wage adjustments are sometimes inevitable. A slightly higher level of inflation allows for this painful adjustment with a lower level of political conflict. On the other hand, ultra-low inflation, in a recession, can easily become deflation. Falling prices encourag
36、e people to defer spending, which makes things worse and erodes tax payments, impairing a government s ability to pay debt. That in turn increases the debt s size and costs. In addition, a single-minded focus on inflation makes it easy for policymakers to lose sight of the broader picture-asset pric
37、es, growth and employment. Policy can become too tight or too looseas in the run-up to the crisis in the U. S. when low inflation was seen as a comforting sign that things were in order. In a recession, ultra-low inflation also reduces the effectiveness of monetary policy since interest rates cannot
38、 go below zero. The crisis in the euro area highlights the need for a more open-minded discussion of the merits and costs of ultra-low inflation. 41 In the author s opinion, the second way to mitigate the pain is_. （ A） cutting the spending （ B） controlling inflation within two percent （ C） ultra-lo
39、w inflation （ D） moderate inflation 42 Which of the following inflation might be accepted by the author? （ A） 2%. （ B） 1%. （ C） 4%. （ D） 8%. 43 We can learn from the fourth paragraph that_. （ A） moderate inflation hurts growth （ B） it is unnecessary to cut actual wages （ C） the author opposes modera
40、te inflation （ D） the author opposes inflation fundamentalism 44 The word “books“(line 5, paragraph 4)means_. （ A） tickets （ B） accounts （ C） works （ D） stamps 45 What is the text mainly about? （ A） The core of Greece s trouble. （ B） Two ways to solve the problems of Greece, Spain, Ireland and Italy
41、. （ C） The merits of inflation fundamentalism. （ D） The shortcomings of inflation fundamentalism. 45 Slavery has played a significant role in the history of the U. S. It existed in all the English mainland colonies and most of the Founding Fathers also had slaves, as did eight of the first 12 presid
42、ents. Dutch traders brought 20 Africans to Jamestown, Virginia, as early as 1619, however, throughout the 17th century the number of Africans in the English mainland colonies grew very slowly. At that time, colonists used two other sources of unfree labor: Native American slaves and European indentu
43、red servants. During those years, every colony had some Native American slaves, but their number was limited. Indian men avoided performing agricultural labor, because they viewed it as women s work, and colonists complained that they were too “ haughty“. The more important was that the settlers fou
44、nd it more convenient to sell Native Americans captured in war to planters in the Caribbean than to turn them into slaves, because they often resisted and it was not hard for the slaves to escape. Later, the policy of killing Indians or driving them away from white settlements was proposed and it co
45、ntradicted with their widespread employment as slaves. The other form of labor was the white indentured servitude. Most indentured servants consisted of poor Europeans. Desiring to escape tough conditions in Europe and take advantage of fabled opportunities in America, they traded three to seven yea
46、rs of their labor in exchange for the transatlantic passage. At first, it was mainly English who were the white indentured servitude but later increasingly Irish, Welsh, and German joined. They were essentially temporary slaves and most of them served as agricultural workers although some, especiall
47、y in the North, were taught skilled trades. During the 17th century, they performed most of heavy labor in the Southern colonies and also consisted of the bulk of immigrants to those colonies. At the end of the 17 th century, in order to meet the labor need, landowners in America turned to African s
48、laves. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, thanks to the dominant position of England in terms of naval superiority, English traders(some of whom lived in English America)transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic. And the transatlantic slave trade produced one of the largest forced m
49、igrations in history, blacks(the great majority of whom were slaves)increasing from about 7 percent of the American population in 1680 to more than 40 percent by the middle of the 18th century. 46 Which of the following was true of the slavery in America? （ A） The colonists sold African Americans to planters in the Caribbean. （ B） Native American slaves performed agricultural labor. （ C） During the 17th century, the white indentured
