1、在职申硕同等学力英语（阅读）模拟试卷 10及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acr
2、oss the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 0 When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone human
3、s, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
4、That group the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC) has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefin
5、itely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, wheth
6、er to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to creat
7、e a human child by adult nuclear cloning“. Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for
8、a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, N
9、BAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete
10、ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air“. 1 We can learn from the first paragraph that_. （ A） federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans （ B） the White House responded
11、strongly to the news of cloning （ C） NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique （ D） the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning 2 The panel agreed on all of the following except that_. （ A） the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law （ B） th
12、e cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control （ C） it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning （ D） it would be against ethical values to clone a human being 3 NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_. （ A） embryo research is just a current developme
13、nt of cloning （ B） the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research （ C） an embryos life will not be endangered in embryo research （ D） the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law 4 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_. （ A） some NBAC members hesitate to ban h
14、uman cloning completely （ B） a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time （ C） privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appeal （ D） the issue of human cloning will soon be settled 5 The best title for this article is_. （ A） Legislation for Opposing Human Cloning （ B） D
15、raft of Anti-human Cloning （ C） Complete Ban on Human Cloning （ D） No Funding Used for Human Cloning 6 Whats the broad consensus of opinion found by the panel in a draft preface to the recommendations? （ A） NBAC would ask Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitel
16、y. （ B） It is morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. （ C） It is a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. （ D） The research on the cloning of human DNA or cells are routine projects in molecular biology. 6 The Supreme Courts decisions on phy
17、sician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old
18、moral principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patien
19、ts pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain
20、 if that might hasten death“. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he s
21、ays. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide. “ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that t
22、he assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Dea
23、th: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young docto
24、rs to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning
25、 medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering“, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse“. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear. that painful deat
26、hs are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension“. 7 From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_. （ A） doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain （ B） it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives （ C）
27、the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide （ D） patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 8 Which of the following statements is true according to the text? （ A） Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death. （ B） Modern medicine has assisted terminal
28、ly ill patients in painless recovery. （ C） The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. （ D） A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 9 According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is_. （ A） prolonged medical procedures
29、（ B） inadequate treatment of pain （ C） systematic drug abuse （ D） insufficient hospital care 10 Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive“(Line 3, Paragraph 7)? （ A） Bold. （ B） Harmful. （ C） Careless. （ D） Desperate. 11 George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished
30、 if they_. （ A） manage their patients incompetently （ B） give patients more medicine than needed （ C） reduce drug dosages for their patients （ D） prolong the needless suffering of the patients 12 According to the passage, who suggests that doctors should risk patients death? （ A） the Supreme Court.
31、（ B） Nancy Dubler. （ C） George Annas. （ D） the profession. 12 It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take
32、the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on
33、line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because this isnt just something that happened in Australia. Its world history. “ The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally I11 law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with
34、its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia where an aging population, l
35、ife extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the U. S. and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling
36、. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death probably by a deadly injection or pill to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off“ period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. Aft
37、er 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nick-son, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally 111 law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “Im not afraid of
38、dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,“ he says. 13 From the second paragraph we learn that_. （ A） the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries （ B）
39、 physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia （ C） changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law （ D） it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passage 14 When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he mean
40、s_. （ A） observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia （ B） similar bills are likely to be passed in the U. S. , Canada and other countries （ C） observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes （ D） the effect of taking process of the passed bill may fi
41、nally come to a stop 15 When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will_. （ A） face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia （ B） experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient （ C） have an intense fear of terrible suffering （ D） undergo a cooling off period of seven days 16 The authors attitude towards
42、 euthanasia seems to be that of_. （ A） opposition （ B） suspicion （ C） approval （ D） indifference 17 Reasons for why euthanasia was passed in Australia rather than America and Canada cover following except_. （ A） old people share great part in whole Australian population （ B） technology of extending
43、life is advanced in Australia （ C） people gradually recognize that suffering from disease was worse than immediate death （ D） it is easy to deal with the moral and practical implications in Australia 18 According to the new Northern Territory law, what kind of person would probably be met with the w
44、ish for death? （ A） He is suffering from incurable cancer. （ B） He is afraid of dying from spiritual point. （ C） He is afraid of fighting for oxygen. （ D） He is diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. 18 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a
45、 drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and
46、 psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse“ is often used instead of “drug abuse“ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin
47、 to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poison
48、ing or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant w
49、ithdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs(substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and a
