1、在职申硕同等学力英语（阅读）模拟试卷 19及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acr
2、oss the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 0 Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in w
3、hich scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientists. This book is written for the intelligent student
4、 or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magicia
5、ns. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or independently of any course simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scie
6、ntific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn t
7、o appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture. We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent years
8、come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend is evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contribution. In discussing thes
9、e changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutel
10、y necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating haft of the human equally. We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel,
11、as many other scientists do, that we shouldnt take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living. 1 According to the passage, “scientific subculture“ means_. （ A） cultural groups that are formed by scientists
12、 （ B） people whose knowledge of science is very limited （ C） the scientific community （ D） people who make good contribution to science 2 We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because_. （ A） it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate science （
13、B） science affects almost every aspect of our life （ C） scientists live in a specific substructure （ D） it is easier to understand general characteristics of science 3 The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who_. （ A） long for deeper understanding of science （ B） are good at produ
14、cing various gadgets （ C） work in a storehouse of dried facts （ D） are interested in popular science 4 According to this passage, _. （ A） English is a sexist language （ B） only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly （ C） women are making significant contribution to eliminati
15、ng the inadequacy of our language （ D） male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists 5 This passage most probably is_. （ A） a book review （ B） the preface of a book （ C） the post script of a book （ D） the concluding part of a book 6 The book is not prepared for_. （ A） the intellig
16、ent student of lay person whose perception of science is shallow （ B） for the person who has been presented with science as a out-moded storehouse of boring facts （ C） for the person who has been presented with science as the source of newly-invented apparatus （ D） for the person who views the scien
17、tists as some sort of social pioneers 6 There are some earth phenomena you can count on, but the magnetic field, some say, is not one of them. It fluctuates in strength, drifts from its axis, and every few 100,000 years undergoes a dramatic polarity reversal a period when north pole becomes south po
18、le and south pole becomes north pole. But how is the field generated, and why is it so unstable? Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery. Using 80 metres of deep sea sediment(沉淀物 )core, they have obtained measurements of magnetic-field intensity
19、 that span 11 polarity reversals and four million years. The analysis reveals that intensity appears to fluctuate with a clear, well-defined rhythm. Although the strength of the magnetic field varies irregularly during the short terra, there seems to be an inevitable long-term decline preceding each
20、 polarity reversal. When the poles flip a process that takes several hundred of thousand years the magnetic field rapidly regains its strength and the cycle is repeated. The results have caused a stir among geophysicists. The magnetic field is thought to originate from molten(熔化的 )iron in the outer
21、core, 3,000 kilometers beneath the earths surface. By studying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the most recent switch 730,000 years ago. How and why they o
22、ccur, however, has been widely debated. Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor(陨星 )impacts. But Peter Olson, a geophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, says this is unlikely if the French researchers are right. In fact, Olson says intensity that p
23、redictably declines from one reversal to the next contradicts 90 percent of the models currently under study. If the results prove to be valid, geo-physicists will have a new theory to guide them in their quest to understand the earths inner physics. It certainly points the direction for future rese
24、arch. 7 Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the passage? （ A） Polarity Reversal: A Fantastic Phenomenon of Nature. （ B） Measurement of the Earths Magnetic-Field Intensity. （ C） Formation of the Two Poles of the Earth. （ D） A New Approach to the Study of Geophysics. 8 The word “flip“
25、(Line 7, Para. 2)most probably means_. （ A） decline （ B） intensify （ C） fluctuate （ D） reverse 9 What have the two French geophysicists discovered in their research? （ A） Some regularity in the changes of the earths magnetic field. （ B） Some causes of the fluctuation of the earths magnetic field. （
26、C） The origin of the earths magnetic field. （ D） The frequency of polarity reversals. 10 The French geophysicists study is different from currently prevailing theories in_. （ A） its identification of the origin of the earths magnetic field （ B） the way the earths magnetic intensity is measured （ C）
27、its explanation of the shift in the earths polarity （ D） the way the earths fluctuation rhythm is defined 11 In Peter Olsons opinion, the French experiment_. （ A） is likely to direct further research in the inner physics of the earth （ B） has successfully solved the mystery of polarity reversals （ C
28、） is certain to help predict external disasters （ D） has caused great confusion among the worlds geophysicists 12 According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） Every few 100,000 years undergoes a dramatic polarity reversal and thus we could say that magnetic field is
29、quite steady going. （ B） Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists contributed a lot to the cause of magnetic fields being generated. （ C） Although the strength of the magnetic field varies irregularly during the short terra, there seems to be an inevitable long-term decline preceding each
30、 polarity reversal. （ D） The French geophysicists experiment result has aroused great debates among the field. 12 All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain. The brain blood flow studies show that reciti
31、ng the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain. Between these basic studies of brain function and real lif
32、e situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic as with typing, for instance, i
33、t requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome
34、 this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes. Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to loo
35、k for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scient
36、ists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal leve
37、l and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well. 13 According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving_. （ A） increases blood flow in some areas of the brain （ B） causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brain （ C） demands intense concentration of blood in certain are
38、as （ D） is based on the ability to recite the time 14 The author believes that_. （ A） the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situations （ B） the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill up （ C） the gap between the laboratory stud
39、ies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoning （ D） the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced 15 When a typist gets tired, _. （ A） she has to try hard to raise her automatic （ B） she can type only automatically （ C） she cannot think about
40、what she is doing （ D） she can seldom type automatically 16 Examining bottles of wine is hard work because_. （ A） the bottles must be held upside down （ B） it is difficult to see the particles of dirt （ C） it requires high level of automatic （ D） most bottles are all right 17 According to the author
41、, a key factor in the ability to reason is_. （ A） the subjects knowledge of grammar （ B） the amount of sleep the subject has had （ C） the level of arousal of the subject （ D） the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason 18 What cannot we infer from reading this article? （ A） Some knowle
42、dge concerning how to increase the arousal level of the brain might help one in both work and life. （ B） Problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces the same level of stress to a person as repetitive tasks. （ C） For pretty automatic tasks as typing, appropriate i
43、nterval breaks and adequate sleeps are necessary for typists to decrease error rates. （ D） There is a considerable gap between basic studies of brain and real life matters. However it is probably bridged over by understanding actual function process of the brain. 18 Analysts have had their go at hum
44、or, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards(内在部分 )are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture o
45、f a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had become the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was
46、 not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it wont stand much blowing up, and it wont stan
47、d much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had the best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery. A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming mysterious and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes
48、 of a sneezing fit. One of the things commonly said about humorist is that they are really very sad people clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyones lif
49、e and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others , compensates for it actively and positively. Humorists fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boot(or as Josh Billings wittily called the
