1、在职申硕同等学力英语（阅读）模拟试卷 60及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acr
2、oss the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 0 Futurists have identified two changes that seem to be central to contemporary social life. First, the United States is being restructured from an industrial to an information society. Second, modern societies are increasingly shifting f
3、rom a national to a global economy. Futurists have applied a good many metaphors to these changes, including Daniel Bells “postindustrial society“, Alvin Toffiers “the third wave“ and John Naisbitts “megatrends“. Common to these metaphors is the notion that American society is shifting from the prod
4、uction of goods to the production of services and from society based on the coordination of people and machines to a society organized around knowledge. These changes, it is contended, will afford a myriad of choices. The world will increasingly be one of many flavors, not just vanilla(香草 )or chocol
5、ate. Many observers of contemporary American life believe that we are witnessing a historical change and the first major impact of the shift from an energy economy to an information economy. For 300 years technology has been cast in a mechanical model, one based on the combustion processes that go o
6、n inside a star like the sun. The steam engine opened the mechanical age, and it reached its peak with the discovery of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, which replicated the energy producing processes of a star. We now seem to be moving toward a biological model based on information and involving
7、 the intensive use of materials. Although biological processes need physical energy and materials, they tend to substitute information for both. Biological processes “miniaturize“ size, energy, and materials by “exploding“ information. The human brain is some ten times the size and weight of the bra
8、in of a lemur(狐猴 ), but it handles a billion times more information. As a result, high tech industries are information intensive rather than energy or material intensive. Sociologists have played and will continue to play an important role in assessing and interpreting these developments and other a
9、spects of change. 1 It can be inferred that underlying the two changes is the change of_. （ A） the instrument of production （ B） the size of the society （ C） the social structure （ D） the economic market 2 With what does the mechanical age reach its highest point? （ A） The steam engine. （ B） Nuclear
10、 power production. （ C） The combustion process. （ D） The energy producing process of the sun. 3 With the coming of the information age, the society is becoming_. （ A） more intolerable （ B） larger （ C） more varied （ D） a more pleasant place 4 What characterizes the information society? （ A） The amoun
11、t of knowledge to be learned. （ B） Physical energy and materials. （ C） Rapid change and its social effects. （ D） Small size and high capacity. 5 What is the attitude of the author towards the function of sociologists in the great changes? （ A） Critical. （ B） Positive. （ C） Negative. （ D） Indifferent
12、. 6 The steam engine opened the mechanical age, and it reached its peak with the discovery of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, which_the energy producing processes of a star. （ A） repeated （ B） substituted （ C） imitated （ D） explained 6 In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt
13、 farmers raised tomatoes by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other remains, and then scattered clean shells about. Next they “planted“ fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until
14、 they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat(贝卵 ). The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplante
15、d them in other waters to speed up their growth, and then transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up. Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy peoples needs. But today the delicious seafood is no longer availabl
16、e in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely. Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries a
17、nd went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attacked and ate baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly(顽强地 )kept at it. Finally,
18、 in the 1940s a significant breakthrough was made. The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to lay eggs not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing
19、 them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities(盐分 )and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better! 7 Which of the following would be the best titl
20、e for the passage? （ A） The Threatened Extinction of Marine Life （ B） The Cultivation of Oysters （ C） The Discoveries Made by Marine Biologists （ D） The Varieties of Wild Oysters 8 At what stage of oysters did farmers begin to speed up their growth and fatten them up in the past? （ A） Shell. （ B） Eg
21、g. （ C） Larvae. （ D） Spat. 9 According to the passage, which of the following words best describes the efforts of the marine biologists working with oysters? （ A） Persistent. （ B） Intermittent. （ C） Traditional. （ D） Fruitless. 10 In the passage, the author mentions that the new strains of oyster ar
22、e_. （ A） cheaper （ B） shaped differently （ C） better textured （ D） healthier 11 Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? （ A） Step by step description of the evolution of marine biology. （ B） Discussion of chronological events concerning oyster production. （ C） Random p
23、resentation of facts about oysters. （ D） Description of oyster production at different geographic locations. 12 According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oyster
24、s to lay eggs not only in the summer but also in other seasons. （ B） They also developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. （ C） They succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases. （ D） The oysters do not taste as delicious as before when they grow faste
25、r and larger. 12 Writing to learn makes it possible to show learning in writing. Much of the writing you will do in college and at work will ask you to demonstrate what you have learned. The success of that demonstration will depend on, among other things, revising your writing to show your knowledg
26、e to best advantage. When you have begun to see what you want to say(frequently this becomes clear at the very end of a first draft), it is time to start thinking about how to present your ideas to others. It is time to start thinking about revising. Revising can be described as the most important(a
27、nd frequently most neglected)part of writing. Novelists Doris Lessing has said that many novels miss greatness because authors are unwilling or unable to revise them. James Michaner explains the importance of revision in this way: I have never thought of myself as a good writer. Anyone who wants rea
28、ssurance of that should read one of my first drafts. But Im one of the worlds great revisers. Revising takes many forms. It means thinking about the audience for your writing. Who will read your work and why? It also means developing an overall plan for the writing that will make your ideas clear. O
29、ften the organization of a first draft will reflect your process of discovery, but that may not be the best way to present your ideas to someone else. Revising also gives attention to the style of language, to the structure of a paragraph, and to the shape of sentences and other forms that show lear
30、ning to its best advantage in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. Writing to learn and writing to show learning are never, of course, entirely separate processes. Writers frequently consider issues of demonstrating learning while writing to lear
31、n, and writing to show learning often leads to new understanding. In drafting, for example , you may start thinking about what an audience will need to know in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. But understanding the differences between writing
32、 to learn and writing to show learning is central to seeing writing as a process. 13 The author thinks that revising starts when_. （ A） you want to show what you know （ B） you think about your audience （ C） you have discovered your idea （ D） you have developed an overall writing plan 14 The chief pu
33、rpose in revising your writing is for you to_. （ A） learn in the course of writing （ B） show your learning to its best advantage （ C） add new ideas to your writing （ D） use an appropriate style of language 15 According to the passage, it is a fact that_. （ A） in revising, one should only correct som
34、e spelling mistakes （ B） a good writer does not need to revise his writing much （ C） the organization of a first draft is sure to be the best way to convey authors ideas （ D） according to James Michaner he is a good reviser before he is a great writer 16 What Doris Lessing said helps to support the
35、idea that_. （ A） he is one of the worlds great revisers （ B） he is not a good writer （ C） revising is very important （ D） many writers are unwilling to revise their works 17 Which of the following statements can be the best title of the passage? （ A） The Importance of Revising （ B） The Importance of
36、 Writing （ C） How to Compose Good Writing （ D） How to Revise Your Writing 18 According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） Much of the writing you will do in college and at work will ask you to demonstrate what you have learned. （ B） Writing to learn and writing to sho
37、w learning are different processes so they can be parted clearly. （ C） Understanding the differences between writing to learn and writing to show learning is central to seeing writing as a process. （ D） Often the organization of a first draft will reflect your process of discovery. 18 Excerpt 1 I sa
38、w a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish
39、 soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself. Excerpt 2 During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and frin
40、ge products. But when factory production got into full swing and new products, e. g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertising campaigns and brand naming of products became necessary. Before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable
41、 and the task of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers. The small non-specialized factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enoughto adapt its production according to changes in public demands. Excerpt 3 Money spent on adverti
42、sing is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise
43、standards of living. Excerpt 4 Search advertising the small text-ads that appear alongside Google and Yahoo Searches account for 40% of the online ad market. Another 20% goes to display ads and 18% to classified advertising. But search advertising can also work like a small ad and will increasingly
44、challenge print classifieds as websites provide localized and more elaborate services for online users. Excerpt 5 This year the combined advertising revenues of Google and Yahoo! will rival the combined prime time ad revenues of Americas three big television networks, ABC, CBS and NBC, predicts Adve
45、rtising Age. It will, says the trade magazine, represent a “watershed moment“ in the evolution of the internet as an advertising medium. A 30-second prime-time TV ad was once considered the most effective and the most expensive form of advertising. But that was before the internet got going. And thi
46、s week online advertising made another leap forward. Excerpt 6 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against adv
47、ertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the
48、 colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants. 19 An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution is_.
49、 （ A） a cooking utensil （ B） new childs toy （ C） tinned fruit （ D） household soap 20 By the first sentence of Excerpt 3 the author means that_. （ A） he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising （ B） everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming （ C） advertising costs money like everything else （ D） it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 21 The challenge that newspapers faced from the website is_. （ A） the display ads and the classified ads （ B） the classified ads and the small text-ads （ C）
