1、大学英语四级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 222及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of inquiry following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1. 假设你是刘梅，准备去美国留学。现向申请学校写信，咨询相关事宜。信件内容
2、如下： 1.自我介绍 2.咨询相关事宜，如签证、学费、奖学金和语言考试等 3.表示感谢，并希望早日得到答复 Section A （ A） Because the holiday has gone. （ B） Because a horror attack happened. （ C） Because few flights fly to Egypt. （ D） Because wealthy tourists may be caught. （ A） Tourists from Russia. （ B） Tourists from Britain. （ C） Tourists from Arab
3、 countries. （ D） Tourists from Egypt. （ A） 8,500. （ B） 160. （ C） 1,000. （ D） 500. （ A） To standardize the curriculum. （ B） To end all tuition fees. （ C） To set aside room for all students. （ D） To make the students allowance higher. （ A） To reduce the risk of heart attack. （ B） To help people stop s
4、moking. （ C） To reduce the sales of traditional tobacco. （ D） To test the benefit and harm of e-cigarette. （ A） It is useless. （ B） it might cause air pollution. （ C） It is too expensive. （ D） Its function is unknown. （ A） 1/5 of adults smoke in the UK. （ B） 2/3 of smokers get breathing diseases. （
5、C） 10 million of them are reluctant to quit smoking. （ D） 15 million of them have tried e-cigarette. Section B （ A） She likes to do some extreme sports. （ B） She gets much pleasure from skiing. （ C） She was influenced by her parents. （ D） She can show off her skiing skills. （ A） They went skiing. （
6、B） They learned how to ski. （ C） They went hiking. （ D） They gave lessons on hiking. （ A） Spend the whole vacation with her. （ B） Head back home for Christmas. （ C） Stay in California and learn to ski. （ D） Try to become a professional skier. （ A） Ski in California. （ B） Teach the man to ski. （ C） V
7、isit her friends in Europe. （ D） Stay with the mans family. （ A） She is too busy to spare time. （ B） She has lost her voice. （ C） She doesnt have the mans number. （ D） She doesnt want to talk to the man. （ A） Cancel the class. （ B） Teach the class. （ C） Hand out exam papers. （ D） Collect students ho
8、mework. （ A） He will use a master key to open the door. （ B） He will get Ashleys key from the woman. （ C） He will ask the departments secretary for help. （ D） He will force the lock with a hammer. （ A） She teaches in math department. （ B） She will not recover until Friday. （ C） She often misses clas
9、ses for being sick. （ D） She has a class to teach on Friday. Section C （ A） The father alone makes the important decision. （ B） The mother alone makes the important decision. （ C） Children old enough are allowed to take part. （ D） Children should be seen but cant air their view. （ A） Their parents d
10、ont like to live with them. （ B） They need more freedom and space. （ C） They need to become independent. （ D） They have to go to universities. （ A） It suits the values of equality. （ B） It can cause serious problems. （ C） It does no good. （ D） It goes too far. （ A） They have not enough money. （ B） T
11、hey have to leave home. （ C） They feel useless and lonely. （ D） They have no children or relatives. （ A） Breaking big rocks into little ones （ B） Feeding his family. （ C） Building a cathedral. （ D） Doing construction works. （ A） Having a point. （ B） Having flexibility. （ C） Making sense. （ D） Being
12、interesting. （ A） Most of the people want to do meaningful work. （ B） A majority of workers are doing meaningful work. （ C） Happy workers can always find a well-paid job. （ D） Meaningful workers are happy and better workers. （ A） One can improve listening by watching movies. （ B） Everybody wants to
13、improve listening nowadays. （ C） There is a good way to memorize vocabularies. （ D） One needs to work hard to improve English. （ A） Watch the film two more times. （ B） Memorize the scenes and stories. （ C） Listen to the film instead of watching it. （ D） Repeat what the characters say in the film. （
14、A） Choose ones favorite film. （ B） Memorize all the dialogues. （ C） Go to a movie theater. （ D） Practice with a friend. Section A 26 Men are much “smarter“ than women when it comes to shopping, according to a survey of 1,000 people which found that 42% of men arm themselves with loyalty cards and vo
15、uchers (优惠卷 ) before they【 C1】 _ the stores, compared with 38% of women. Actually this is【 C2】 _ for several reasons. Firstly when men are out shopping, they are【 C3】 _ always with a female partner. When men go shopping as part of a couple, nine times out of 10 it is his female partner who【 C4】 _ th
16、e purse-fattening loyalty cards. Secondly, a lot of men【 C5】 _ to stay in the car, waiting outside the front door. A fat lot of use a loyalty card or discount voucher is to them unless its for money off petrol. Thirdly, women are much more【 C6】 _ about what they need to feed their family. They will
17、survey the fridge, plan meals, write a list of【 C7】 _ and pretty much stick to it. Then the survey claims that 46% of us buy own-label goods rather than【 C8】 _ products. The findings dont specify whether this percentage is mainly【 C9】 _ of men or women, but in reality you will find more valuable and
18、 own-brand products in a female shoppers cart. However, there was one【 C10】 _ that made us understand what this survey was all about. It said: “In fact, 84% of men will do everything in their power to be smart about their spending rather than go without treats for themselves or their family.“ A) sha
19、res E) carries I) branded M) reasonable B) nearly F) unbelievable J) realistic N) hit C) mainly G) statement K) composed O) intend D) prefer H) staples L) arrive 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 How Psychology Can Help the Planet
20、 Stay Cool A “Im not convinced its as bad as the experts make out. Its everyone elses fault. Even if I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association (APA) released a
21、 report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But dont despair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisati
22、ons to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free University of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly. B As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interes
23、ts and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these into account. “You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the reports authors. The wealthy young, for instan
24、ce, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseburgers one of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health be
25、nefits than the global climate. C Though conservative authorities have been known to attack such efforts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. From participants in our experiments, weve never heard a negative feedback,“ says Wesley Schult
26、z of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we are used to far worse. “Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. D Deep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and p
27、sychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Researchers led by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less
28、 than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Marcos asking them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while oth
29、ers emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers (传单 ) that asked residents to join with their neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption. E In another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. H
30、igh users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disappeared if the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so. F Most peop
31、le seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. But feedback can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage (里程 ) per gallon each time she accelerates. Its just not very useful, she argues, because its hard to
32、 place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and fuel efficiency. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous half-hour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different drivi
33、ng styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over time. The 2010 Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets (小装置 ). Studies show that devices that dis
34、play domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 per cent. G People have to be persuaded to act on climate change even though the benefit wont be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have fo
35、und that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involving future environmental gains and losses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a c
36、ash payment in advance for insulating (使隔热 ) their home will work better than those promising long-term savings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run. H And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messa
37、ges are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if they dont follow a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told theyll be $500 better off if they do take action. I As social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspi
38、ration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive c
39、hange among their Mends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into its urban residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment th
40、at people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compelling power of a “virtual polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear h
41、as pull. 37 Flyers related with neighbours behaviour are a very effective way to convince residents to cut electricity consumption. 38 According to Swim, social network will be important to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. 39 The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at seeking w
42、ays to convince people to limit climate change. 40 Its better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by emphasizing health benefits. 41 In the experiment by Wesley Schultz, no participant lodged a complaint. 42 When talking people into taking action, its more effective to tell th
43、em future losses than future gains. 43 Psychologists are making use of humans desire to fit in with the crowd to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. 44 The report by APA summarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behaviour on the basis of psychological experiments. 45 Accordin
44、g to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be combined. 46 The 2010 Honda Insight has a device that encourages drivers to drive economically. Section C 46 There is no more fashionable solution to the current global recession than “gre
45、en jobs.“ Many countries are all eagerly promoting clean-technology industries. It sounds like the ultimate win-win deal: create jobs, cut down on energy dependence, and save the planet from global warming. Ever since the recession began, governments, environmental groups, and even labor unions have
46、 been spinning out reports on just how many jobs might be created by these new industries estimates that range from tens of thousands to millions. Those kinds of predictions, however, may be overoptimistic. As a new study from McKinsey points out, the clean-energy industry doesnt have much in common
47、 with old, labor-intensive manufacturing industries like steel and cars. A more accurate comparison would be to the semiconductor industry, which was also expected to create a boom in high-tech jobs but today employs mainly robots. Green-tech workers now make up only 0.6 percent of the American work
48、force. McKinsey figures that clean energy wont command much more of the total job market in the years ahead. On the other hand, a booming green sector could fuel job growth in other industries. Here, too, the story of the computer chip is instructive. Today the big chip makers like Intel employ only
49、 0.4 percent of the U.S. workforce. But indirectly they helped create millions of jobs by making other industries more efficient. McKinsey says that the same process could play out today if governments focused less on building a clean-energy industry and more on greening every part of the existing economy. U.S. efforts to promote corn-based ethanol (乙醇 ), for instance, are incredibly counter-productive. The state is creating inefficient sectors, with jobs that are not likely to
