1、考博英语模拟试卷 154及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Most of us find the forgetting easier, but maybe we should work on the forgiving part. “Holding on to hurts and nursing grudges wear you down physically and emotionally,“ says Stanford University psychologist Fred Luskin, author of Forgive for Good. “For
2、giving someone can be a powerful antidote.“ In a recent study, Charlotte, assistant/associate professor of psychology at Hope College in Holland, Michigan; and this colleagues asked 71 volunteers to remember a past hurt. Tests recorded the highest blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tensionthe sam
3、e responses that occur when people are angry. Research has linked anger and heart disease. When the volunteers were asked to imagine empathizing, even forgiving those who had wronged them, they remained calm by comparison. Whats more, forgiveness can be learned, insists Luskin, director of the Stanf
4、ord Forgive- ness Project, “We teach people to rewrite their story in their minds, to change from victim to he- m. If the hurt is from a spouses infidelity, we might encourage them to think of themselves not only as a person who was cheated on, but as the person who tried to keep the marriage togeth
5、er. Two years ago, Luskin tested his method on 5 Northern Irish women whose sons had been murdered. After undergoing a week of forgiveness training, the womens sense of hurt, measured using psychological tests, had fallen by more than half. They were also much less likely to feel depressed and angry
6、. “Forgiving isnt about forgetting what happened,“ says Luskin. “It is about breaking free of the person who wronged us.“ The early signs that forgiving improves overall health are promising: A survey of 1,423 adults by the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research in 2001 found that peo
7、ple who had forgiven someone in their past also reported being in better health than those who hadnt. However, while 75% said they were sure God had forgiven them for past mistakes, only 52% had been able to find it in their hearts to forgive others. Forgiveness; it seems, is still divine. 1 Which o
8、f the following statements can be used as a best title for this passage? （ A） The Healing Power of Forgiveness （ B） Forget and Forgive （ C） Forgiveness Is Divine （ D） The Study on Forgiveness 2 The following statements can be concluded from the study made by Charlotte EXCEPT that_. （ A） forgiving ca
9、n make people calm down. （ B） when people recall a past hurt, they tend to be more irritated （ C） there is no link between forgiving and a heart disease （ D） when people recall a past hurt, they tend to have a higher blood pressure and heart rate 3 According to Luskin, if ones husband is not loyal t
10、o her, shed better _. （ A） seek help from a therapist （ B） try to keep the marriage together （ C） clean forget what has happened （ D） take it seriously 4 According to the passage, the survey made by the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research mainly shows_. （ A） it is divine to forgive
11、 others （ B） people are more healthy if they can forgive someone in the past （ C） forgiving is clean forgetting what has happened （ D） forgiving cannot improve health 5 The last paragraph implies that_. （ A） only God is able to forgive others who have made errors （ B） forgiveness is already widespre
12、ad among common people （ C） God is more lenient than human being （ D） its not easy for people to forgive others 5 Crossing Wesleyan Universitys campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of c
13、ases the language is meant to shock. Its not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd reference to professors sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word “Nig“ that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable. In resp0nse, officials and students at schools are now
14、debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass. In the process, theyre putting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasi
15、onal chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and obscene tone, Bennet deeided to act. “This is not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an
16、institution of higher learning,“ Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the “right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards“. Other
17、public universities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing s
18、peech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring. At a meeting held by the “Committee on Health Diversity“ last week, the schools Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of “severe
19、 or pervasive conduct“ by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity. Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies th
20、at are actually speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. “Restricting students from saying anything that would be perceived ns very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted,“ says Silverglate, who attended the Harvard Law Town Meeting last week. 6 What is the typical
21、scene found in the campus of Wesleyan University? （ A） Pieces of jokes are written in almost every WC. （ B） There are some meeting announcements on the billboard. （ C） All kinds of messages are written on the paths. （ D） Some people are shocked by the meeting announcements. 7 From the passage we can
22、 know that_. （ A） officials and students are debating whether they should have free speech （ B） in the past few years, people did not have any freedom of speech （ C） some students are attacked politically as targets （ D） officials and students are discussing ways of avoiding offending messages 8 Whi
23、ch of the following statements can best describe Mr. Bennets reaction to the doodling off campus? （ A） He has accustomed to seeing massages on the billboard. （ B） He thinks that it is not acceptable to have chalkiness on the ground in an institution of higher learning. （ C） He is looking for a good
24、policy which can guide the way of students message posting. （ D） He has decided to chalk some messages to fight against the harassing ones. 9 The essence of the problem is to _. （ A） stick up for free speech （ B） cleanse the academic setting （ C） cut the throat of free speech （ D） please the minorit
25、ies 10 What is the policy adopted by many schools after heated debating? （ A） It is for the universities to clamp down on speech regarding racist comments or other forms of inappropriate ideas. （ B） It is to teach students to learn how to express themselves more clearly. （ C） It is to give the minor
26、ity groups the right to speak freely. （ D） It is to urge students to discuss problems as to race, religion, national origin and ethnicity. 10 Ever hear of the lemming? Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and c
27、ommit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, “Why am I doing this? Is this really what I want to do?“ and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strang
28、e suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to “follow the herd“ for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal. Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popularbe- cause “everyone else is doing it.“ This c
29、all to “get on the bandwagon“ appeals to the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says “more and more citizens are rallying
30、to my cause every day,“ and asks his audience to “join themand mein our fight for America.“ One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear sudde
31、nly and completely. For a year or two in the 1950S every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans. The problem here is obvious: just be
32、cause everyones doing it doesnt mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultu
33、red countries of Europe. When they came into power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didnt want to be “left out“ at a. great historical moment. As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at han
34、d. But theres third way that propaganda can be put to work against usby use of faulty logic. This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up. 11 The author illu
35、strates the mass suicide of lemmings in order to_. （ A） raise public awareness （ B） support his viewpoint （ C） justify bandwagon appeal （ D） discredit their habit 12 In this article, “bandwagon appeal“ refers to_. （ A） a mass consensus among young people （ B） a universal way of thinking （ C） the pur
36、suit of a moral code of behavior （ D） the desire to support a popular course of action 13 Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned by the author to showcase bandwagon appeal at work? （ A） Fighting for America. （ B） Advertising. （ C） Political campaigning. （ D） Going after fashion. 14 In th
37、e authors eyes, propaganda can do more harm by_. （ A） arousing our curiosity （ B） distracting our attention （ C） using false reasoning （ D） posing popular issues 15 The main topic of this article is_. （ A） getting on the bandwagon （ B） following the herd （ C） independent thinking （ D） logic reasonin
38、g 15 Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. Youd be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale. These undulations have a variety of ca
39、uses. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill? How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys? First, we need to know what the planet would look like w
40、ithout them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面 ) comes in. It is a surface where the Earths gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up
41、to 150 meters. The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that arent caused by gravitythe hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional
42、 increase in sea level. So how do you measure the geoid and the oceans irregular topography? Its complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites. The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can t
43、he geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet? It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarc
44、tic is one they are particularly interested in. It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on th
45、e west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes. 16 From the first paragraph, we can learn that_. （ A） the surface of the sea is a dead flat on a calm day （ B） the sea waves are caused by a variety of fa
46、ctors （ C） its a good idea to swim uphill, sometime （ D） hills and valleys only exist on land 17 According to the passage, the word “geoid“ probably means_. （ A） the Earths gravitational potential （ B） the uneven distribution of mass on the Earth （ C） the global mean sea level （ D） the surface of th
47、e Earth 18 Geoid can be used to measure_. （ A） the gravitation of the Earth （ B） the hills and valleys of the sea caused by gravitation （ C） the currents, eddies, changes in salinity, etc. （ D） deviations in the sea surface height 19 According to the passage, geoid may be helpful in all the followin
48、g areas EXCEFT_. （ A） marine lives near Antarctica （ B） the state of the planet （ C） the state of the ocean surface （ D） climatic changes 20 What can we learn about El Nino from the last paragraph of the passage? （ A） It keeps warm water move westwards. （ B） It brings drought to Southeast Asia. （ C）
49、 It brings more rain to the Atlantic Ocean. （ D） It helps sea level to remain steady. 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 There are strict laws about exporting_ animals. （ A） alive （ B） living （ C） lively （ D） live 22 1 tried very hard to persuade her to join our study group but I met with flat_. （ A） decline （ B） rejection （ C） refusal （ D） refutation 23 The manuscript, circulated to publishers last month, _an outburst of interest. （ A） flared （ B） caused （ C） aroused （
