1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 118及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Its time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals. Did you know women are more
2、likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling “very tired“ or “exhausted“, according to a recent study. This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children. Its also the age range when many women are trying to bala
3、nce careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying “no“. Women want to be able to do it all volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.“ Women struggle to say “no“ in the workplace for simil
4、ar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. Unfortunately, this inability to say “no“ may be hurting womens health as well as their career. At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, becau
5、se they dont want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, theres a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over who should be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas wom
6、en may approach the same dispute from the perspective of whats the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem even if that means doing the boring work themselves. This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor on who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not. Le
7、aders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely including staff expertise. Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, it may highlight your inability to delegate effectively. 1 What does the author say is the problem with women? （ A） They are often uncle
8、ar about the career goals to reach. （ B） They are usually more committed at home than on the job. （ C） They tend to be over-optimistic about how far they could go. （ D） They tend to push themselves beyond the limits of their ability. 2 Why do working women of child-bearing age tend to feel drained o
9、f energy? （ A） They struggle to satisfy the demands of both work and home. （ B） They are too devoted to work and unable to relax as a result. （ C） They do their best to cooperate with their workmates. （ D） They are obliged to take up too many responsibilities. 3 What may hinder the future prospects
10、of career women? （ A） Their unwillingness to say “no“. （ B） Their desire to be considered powerful. （ C） An underestimate of their own ability. （ D） A lack of courage to face challenges. 4 Men and women differ in their approach to resolving workplace conflicts in that_ （ A） women tend to be easily s
11、atisfied （ B） men are generally more persuasive （ C） men tend to put their personal interests first （ D） women are much more ready to compromise 5 What is important to a good leader? （ A） A dominant personality. （ B） The ability to delegate. （ C） The courage to admit failure. （ D） A strong sense of
12、responsibility. 5 By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower
13、. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity. When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “ant-lion“ whose instinct implies it
14、 to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen, goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it. It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, i
15、t either goes on vainly with the remaining actions (as useless as cultivating an unsown field) or dies in helpless inactivity“. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it
16、will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil. Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to o
17、pen out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made (when they are called instincts and not habits at all), were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor
18、was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environ
19、ment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very d
20、efinitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism is now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environ
21、ment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver, and preeminently by man. Environment and heredity
22、are in no case exclusive but always-supplementary factors. 6 Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? （ A） The Evolution of Insects. （ B） Environment and Heredity. （ C） Education: The Influence of the Environment. （ D） The Instincts of Animals. 7 What can be inferred from t
23、he example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph? （ A） Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations. （ B） When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted. （ C） Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects. （ D） Al
24、ong the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important. 8 Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably _. （ A） begin a completely new net （ B） destroy the half-ne
25、t （ C） spin the rest of the net （ D） stay away from the net 9 Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage? （ A） They are natural endowments to living creatures. （ B） They are more important than instincts to all animals. （ C） They are subject to the formative influence of th
26、e environment. （ D） They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings. 9 It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell out
27、 $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-
28、counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionat
29、e genealogists and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots. Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptica
30、l, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,“ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers
31、 a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other gr
32、eat-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump to
33、gether information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relatio
34、nships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 10 In Para. 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs _. （ A） easy availability （ B） flexibility in pricing （ C） successful promotion （ D） popularity with households 11 PTK is used to _. （ A） locate ones birth place （ B） promote genetic
35、 research （ C） identify parent-child kinship （ D） choose children for adoption 12 Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _. （ A） trace distant ancestors （ B） rebuild reliable bloodlines （ C） fully use genetic information （ D） achieve the claimed accuracy 13 In the last paragraph,
36、 a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _. （ A） disorganized data collection （ B） overlapping database building （ C） excessive sample comparison （ D） lack of patent evaluation 14 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _. （ A） Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing （ B） DNA Testing a
37、nd Its Problems （ C） DNA Testing Outside the Lab （ D） Lies behind DNA Testing 14 The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday. “We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers tended to thin
38、k that they did rather well,“ Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview. Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skillslogical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor people who essentially were inept never realized it, while
39、 those who had some ability were self-critical. “It had little to do with innate modesty,“ Kruger said, “but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the b
40、ottom.“ “Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities,“ Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, “while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic perfo
41、rmance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion, the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely unaware of the problem.“ This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjectsstudents
42、 at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning test. Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower, having learned what constituted
43、competence in this area. Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said. Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were, and compare their responses with
44、 what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. This might be thought of as the “above-average effect“, the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility. The resea
45、rchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiasts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety. So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence o
46、r the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning. “You cant take them at their word. Youve got to take a look at their performance,“ Dunning added. 15 Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept? （ A） They are too inept to know what competence is. （ B） They are not skillful at
47、logical reasoning, grammar, and sense of humor. （ C） They lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. （ D） They have some ability to over criticize themselves. 16 Which of the following statement is NOT true, according to the passage? （ A） Students at Cornell University often
48、rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning test. （ B） Grammar was an area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence. （ C） Participants in the test estimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. （ D） Students scored better on a
49、logical reasoning test but rated themselves lower. 17 What do you know about “above-average effect“ based on the passage? （ A） Most Americans assess themselves as above average. （ B） American doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses. （ C） American gun enthusiasts thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety. （ D） All of the above. 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 118答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 3段。从文章的第 3段可知，女性可能感到精疲力竭的一个原因在于，她们很难说 “不 ”。女性希望能够顾及所有的一切，而不管是否超
