1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 41及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 There are increasingly fraught relationships that adults are having with children in all walks of life, from the police and politicians, within the public sector and within communities themselves.The fear of young people has changed the way society
2、is policed, how pupils are treated in schools and how insecure adults relate to children on their estates.Rather than children and young people becoming more violent and anti-social, it is adults who have changed, having fewer relationships with young people and becoming less confident in their deal
3、ings with them. We must explore the role that crime and safety initiatives have on the outlook of the public.The attempt by government, council departments, the police and many others to reduce the fear within communities by developing safety initiatives is having the opposite effect, resulting in t
4、he institutionalization of this fear. Curfews have increased adultsfear of young people and reduced the amount of time young children are allowed out to play.They have raised the level of insecurity amongst parents about the safety of their children and ultimately reduced the contact between generat
5、ions within this community.It is not far from the truth to say that “youth“ no longer exists if by youth we mean the freedom loving rebelliousness.The outcome of this process is breeding a generation of young people who are if anything more fragile and fearful than their grandparents. Finally, as we
6、ll as exploring the fear of young people, we must look at the insecurity that parents have for their children.There has been a reduction in play, and specifically in “free play“, and the effect of this more regulated environment on childrens lives is yet to be determined and not something we can con
7、tinually ignore in our rush to protect society from children. 1 The author is mainly directing his message towards_. （ A） adults in general （ B） the younger generation （ C） law enforcement authorities （ D） parents 2 The first paragraph is mainly about_. （ A） the way younger people have changed （ B）
8、the change in attitude and treatment towards youth （ C） the fewer relationships between youth and adults （ D） the fear that youth and adults have towards each other 3 The author sees safety initiatives as part of the problem because_. （ A） they actually cause more rebelliousness （ B） they are unpopu
9、lar with young people （ C） they worsen relationships and create more fear （ D） they reduce the play young people can use to expend energy 4 The author believes its possible to say youth no longer exists because_. （ A） youth have no more rebellion and freedom （ B） youth are indistinguishable in chara
10、cter from their grandparents （ C） they are not allowed to voice their opinions （ D） they do not love freedom the way they should 5 To correct the problem the author discusses we are advised to_. （ A） stop being so insecure towards children （ B） let children play more （ C） study the roots and effects
11、 of our fear （ D） stop regulating childrens lives 5 Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human“, with
12、 the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely.But a study by Sarach Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of fe
13、male brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily.Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfect c
14、andidates for Dr.Brosnans and Dr.de Waals study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so th
15、at each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (are much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand
16、hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamb
17、er (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species.Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each ani
18、mal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and
19、 humans, or whether it stems for the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 6 In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_. （ A） posing a contrast （ B） justifying an assumption （ C） making a comparison （ D） explaining a phenome
20、non 7 The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Para.1) implies that_. （ A） monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals （ B） resenting unfairness is also monkeysnature （ C） monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other （ D） no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 8 Fema
21、le capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are_. （ A） more inclined to weigh what they get （ B） attentive to researchersinstructions （ C） nice in both appearance and temperament （ D） more generous than their male companions 9 Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually
22、 found in their study that the monkeys_. （ A） prefer grapes to cucumbers （ B） can be taught to exchange things （ C） will not be co-operative if feeling cheated （ D） are unhappy when separated from other 10 What can we infer from the last paragraph? （ A） Monkeys can be trained to develop social emoti
23、ons. （ B） Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. （ C） Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. （ D） Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 10 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted t
24、hat we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early gr
25、aves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that
26、the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never has all the answer.But science does provide us with the best available gu
27、ide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“ Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is
28、incomplete; that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is s
29、tarting to pay attention.But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously.They continue to press for more research, a classic of “paralysis by analysis“. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and
30、 oceanic research.But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a p
31、romising start.Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 11 An argument made by supporters of smoking was that_. （ A） there was no
32、 scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death （ B） the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant （ C） people had the freedom to choose their own way of life （ D） antismoking people were usually talking nonsense 12 According to Bruce Alberts, science
33、can serve as_. （ A） a protector （ B） a judge （ C） a critic （ D） a guide 13 What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“ (Last line, Para.4) ? （ A） Endless studies kill action. （ B） Careful investigation reveals truth. （ C） Prudent planning hinders progress. （ D） Extensive research helps deci
34、sion-making. 14 According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? （ A） Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. （ B） Raise public awareness of conservation. （ C） Press for further scientific research. （ D） Take some legislative measures. 15 The author associates the is
35、sue of global warming with that of smoking because_. （ A） they both suffered from the governments negligence （ B） a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former （ C） the outcome of the latter aggravates the former （ D） both of them have turned from bad to worse 15 Of all the components of a go
36、od nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s,
37、neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“-the random byproducts of the neural -repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line“.And one leading authority say
38、s that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but to help us sleep and feel better.“Its your dream, “ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center, “If you dont like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as a
39、ctive during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep when most vivid dreams occur as it is when fully awake, says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is specially active, while the prefrontal cortex (
40、the center of intellect and reasoning ) is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr.William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic.Most people s
41、eem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the da
42、ys events until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the
43、next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic, “ Cartw
44、right says.Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep or rather dream on it and youll
45、 feel better in the morning. 16 Researchers have come to believe that dreams_. （ A） can be modified in their courses （ B） are susceptible to emotional changes （ C） reflect our innermost desires and fears （ D） are a random outcome of neural repairs 17 By referring to the limbic system, the author int
46、ends to show_. （ A） its function in our dreams （ B） the mechanism of REM sleep （ C） the relation of dreams to emotions （ D） its difference from the prefrontal cortex 18 The negative feelings generated during the day tend to_. （ A） aggravate in our unconscious mind （ B） develop into happy dreams （ C）
47、 persist till the time we fall asleep （ D） show up in dreams early at night 19 Cartwright seems to suggest that_. （ A） waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams （ B） visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control （ C） dreams should be left to their natural progression （ D） d
48、reaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious 20 What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? （ A） Lead your life as usual. （ B） Seek professional help. （ C） Exercise conscious control. （ D） Avoid anxiety in the daytime. 20 Americans no longer expect public figures,
49、 whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift.Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mc Whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but th
