1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 107及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in Britain, and for shipping
2、the major changes were from wind to steam power, and from wood to iron and steel. The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were clippers, three-masted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers. From the 1840s until 1869, when the Suez Canal opened
3、and steam propulsion was replacing sail, clippers dominated world trade. Although many were built, only one has survived more or less intact: Cutty Sark, now on display in Greenwich, southeast London. Cutty Sarks unusual name comes from the poem Tarn OShanter by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Tarn,
4、 a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a cutty sark - an old Scottish name for a short nightdress. The witch is depicted in Cutty Sarks figurehead - the carving of a woman typically at the front of old sailing ships. In legend, and in Burnss poem, witches cannot cross water, s
5、o this was a rather strange choice of name for a ship. Cutty Sark was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869, for a shipping company owned by John Willis. To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong
6、position. In the end, the firm was forced out of business, and the ship was finished by a competitor. Williss company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige, so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than
7、any other ship. On her maiden voyage, in 1870, she set sail from London, carrying large amounts of goods to China. She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and var
8、ious misfortunes. On one occasion, in 1872, the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae, left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over 400 miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer. The ships crew ha
9、d the daunting task of repairing the rudder at sea, and only succeeded at the second attempt. Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae. Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the same
10、year that Cutty Sark was launched, had a serious impact. While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Ste
11、am ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months. By 1878, tea traders werent interested in Cutty Sark, and instead, she took on the much less prestigious work of carrying any cargo between any two ports in the world. In 1880, violence aboard the ship led ultim
12、ately to the replacement of the captain with an incompetent drunkard who stole the crews wages. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sarks working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britai
13、n. One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month. The ships next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew. As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the
14、 southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years. As competition from steam ships incr
15、eased in the 1890s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world. Badly damaged in a gale in 1922, she was put into
16、Falmouth harbour in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dowman, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success. She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high pri
17、ce: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored. Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954, she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on p
18、ublic display. The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014, but now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year. Questions 1-8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write TRUE i
19、f the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 Clippers were originally intended to be used as passenger ships. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 Cutty Sark was given the name of a character in a poem. （ A）
20、 TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 The contract between John Willis and Scott & Linton favoured Willis. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 John Willis wanted Cutty Sark to be the fastest tea clipper travelling between the UK and China. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 Despite storm damage, Cutty Sark beat T
21、hermopylae back to London. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 The opening of the Suez Canal meant that steam ships could travel between Britain and China faster than clippers. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 7 Steam ships sometimes used the ocean route to travel between London and China. （ A） TRUE （ B）
22、假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 8 Captain Woodget put Cutty Sark at risk of hitting an iceberg. （ A） TRUE （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 8 Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. 9 After 1880, Cutty Sark carried_as its main c
23、argo during its most successful time. 10 As a captain and_, Woodget was very skilled. 11 Ferreira went to Falmouth to repair damage that a_had caused. 12 Between 1923 and 1954, Cutty Sark was used for_ 13 Cutty Sark has twice been damaged by_in the 21st century. 13 You should spend about 20 minutes
24、on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. SAVING THE SOIL More than a third of the Earths top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planets most precious resource? A More than a third of the worlds soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report. If we dont slow the decli
25、ne, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem. B Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the de
26、gradation of the worlds soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals. That
27、means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in the
28、ir carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs 233 million every year. C If the soil loses its ability to perfor
29、m these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover. Agriculture is by far th
30、e biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually
31、 becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season. D But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines.
32、 A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since. But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasnt such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can relea
33、se polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish. E
34、 One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the worlds top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has
35、 developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floriss mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged th
36、at were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak. F However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. To ass
37、ess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. Thats not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Gl
38、obal Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, t
39、hey aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all. G But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainabl
40、e Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. Most scientists dont speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa. Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of zero net land degradation. Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectatio
41、ns and encourage action. For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas
42、of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality? Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now. * Humus: the part of the soil formed from dead plant material Questions 14-17 Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answ
43、er. Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant remains and 【 R14】 _ It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in st
44、oring 【 R15】 _has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 【 R16】 _. If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to soil degradation is the 【 R17】 _carried out by huma
45、ns. 14 【 R14】 15 【 R15】 16 【 R16】 17 【 R17】 17 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet. A may improve the number and quality of plants growing there. B may contain data from up to nine countries. C may not be put
46、back into the soil. D may help governments to be more aware of soil-related issues. E may cause damage to different aspects of the environment. F may be better for use at a global level. 18 Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops 19 Synthetic fertilisers produced with the Haber-Bo
47、sch process 20 Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil 21 The idea of zero net soil degradation 21 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet NB You may use any l
48、etter more than once. 22 a reference to one persons motivation for a soil-improvement project 23 an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming 24 examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation 25 a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of
49、soil safe in the near future 26 a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation 26 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Weil-Being By William Davies Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. This pronouncement by Richard Layar
