1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 35及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 HUBRID SOLAR LIGHTING Light the interiors of Buildings with Sunlight! Hybrid solar lighting is a system that captures sunlight on a roof top and uses optical fibers to channel it directly into a building. The only power needed to operate it is a 9
2、-volt battery and the energy cost reduction, worker productivity and health benefits are immense. It was originally developed by the US Department of Energy at its Oak Ridge National Laboratory and licensed to a company called Sunlight Direct. It has already been installed in a large number and a wi
3、de range of buildings in the USA including higher education institutions, museums, department stores and other specialty stores, initial reports declare that retail sales increase by as much as 40% when the switch is made from fluorescent lighting to hybrid solar. Furthermore, there is a major impro
4、vement in the attention spans and academic attainment of undergraduates in classrooms or lecture theatres lit by hybrid solar. It is to be hoped that the technology can soon be made financially feasible for households as well as commercial buildings. It has been suggested that 30% of the electricity
5、 used in the USA is just for lighting and, for retailers, the estimate increases to 45%. Obviously, that figure could decrease significantly if sunlight could be brought inside. Hybrid solar lighting is predicted not only to save millions of dollars in energy costs but it is attractive for its quali
6、ty which is almost identical to daylight. A solar collector consisting of a 1.2 meter parabolic primary mirror concentrates the light toward a secondary mirror which has a special multi-layer coating that reflects only the visible wavelengths which effectively strips off the ultra-violet and infra-r
7、ed wavelengths from the reflected light. This is important to reduce heat in the fiber optics which would otherwise melt. The visible light is focused from the secondary mirror towards a receiver module where it is homogenized to guarantee uniformity before it enters the fiber optic bundle which the
8、n passes into the building interior for lighting. The fibers are easily installed and replaced and unlike fluorescent lights that require energy, the hybrid solar system only needs one 9-volt battery to power the solar tracking system for a week. The solar tracker mechanism consists of two motors th
9、at are controlled by a GPS (global positioning system) micro processor situated beneath it. This computes the exact position of the sun(based on the latitude, longitude, date and time)to within point one degree. The light collected shines brightly. Just two of these fibers emit enough light to be eq
10、uivalent to a 60 Watt light bulb and there are 127 of fibers in one bundle. What if it is cloudy or rainy outside? Thats where the hybrid comes in. The lighting fixtures combine the sunlight with the artificial light from fluorescent or incandescent lamps to create a hybrid luminaries. A photo senso
11、r in the room monitors the intensity and automatic adjustments are made in order to keep a constant level of illumination. A room lit entirely by fluorescence has an orange glow which is not very natural. If the lighting is changed to 809/0 solar and 209/o fluorescent, it is far more aesthetically a
12、ppealing. It is estimated that hybrid solar lighting could reduce their energy bill of most retailers by 609/o; and retail stores have been some of the first adopters of the new technology because of the health benefits gained from natural lighting. Studies have shown that 20% of workers under artif
13、icial light suffer symptoms of depression from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). In addition, retail stores with natural lighting sold 40% more merchandise than stores with artificial light. Research has shown that biological rhythms and circadian rhythms are the secret to having successful and pro
14、ductive employees. Bringing in the natural light helps regulate these biological processes. The technology has made such an impression that other scientists are looking at alternative applications: utilizing the UV light energy for hot water heating, for example. There is one limitation to the techn
15、ology, however: although the plastic optical fibers are very low cost, they also have very low transmittance and extend for only around 15 meters from the solar collector. This is why currently solar hybrid lighting is primarily focused on the top and main floors of a building. Overall, the potentia
16、l electricity savings and carbon dioxide reductions are enormous. The units are designed to last twenty years and, as volumes of sales increase, the price should come down considerably. It may be a while before individual households can enjoy hybrid solar lighting but, in the meantime, there is a su
17、bstantial benefit in that it is making many work and study spaces as natural and comfortable for humans as possible. Questions 1-3 Complete the summary below with words taken from Reading Passage I. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. A h
18、ybrid solar lighting system has been developed that uses (1) to illuminate buildings. Numerous advantages have been described, such as a boost in (2) and increased (3) and educational achievement amongst students. 3 Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
19、answer. Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet. 8 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. 127 fibres = 1 bundle 2 fibres = 60 Watt bulb A (9) measures amount of light their position
20、 can only be terminated with just cause. Proving just cause is a lengthy, difficult process that happens rarely only around 50 of 280,000 tenured professors lose their status every year. The purpose of tenure is to provide shelter for researchers who dissent from dominant opinions, disagree with the
21、 authorities of universities, donors or political authorities, or choose to research topics that may have social importance but seem unimportant or unnecessary to others. In this way it seeks to keep intellectual pursuits pure rather than at the whim of external interests. Without tenure, professors
22、 might prefer uncontroversial research on popular topics, and draw dishonest conclusions in a bid to please authorities and keep their jobs. C In an era of perpetual cost-cutting and budget-tightening, however, guaranteeing large numbers of academics lifetime employment with related benefits is incr
23、easing untenable. The proportion of university teachers with tenure has slid from 75 percent in 1960 to just 27 percent today. Rising in their place are professor adjuncts. Adjuncts are temporary, part-time employees who were initially brought in only occasionally as special guest lecturers or to pr
24、ovide cover for tenured professors on parental or research leave. Adjuncts teach individual classes and have no research or administrative responsibilities, and their contracts typically run for a single semester, after which they might be renewed. Over the last few decades their use has been extend
25、ed beyond these temporary exigencies, and adjuncts have become a permanent, institutionalized aspect of academic employment. D This has created several problems for adjunct professors, who are considered by some to make up a growing academic underclass. Firstly, because contracts are always temporar
26、y, adjuncts rarely qualify for insurance and health benefits, such as time off with remuneration for illness, in the same way as tenured professors. Secondly, recompense for adjuncts is often very low. In order to make a living from their work, adjuncts typically need to win contracts with multiple
27、universities. As a consequence of this high teaching workload and the lack of paid research opportunities adjuncts tend to find it hard to publish articles and win research grants, therefore making promotion increasingly unlikely with every year that passes (academic promotion is governed by what is
28、 known as a publish or perish culture). E The culture of using adjuncts also has flow-on effects for the quality of teaching that students receive. Because adjuncts come in only for classes, they do not have offices or office hours on campus, and usually do not have the time to meet up with students
29、 in small groups or for one-on-one sessions. The disengagement between students and teachers can make it difficult for struggling students to find guidance outside of lectures. Adjuncts are also less tied to the universities they teach at and fail to accumulate reputations over time in the same way
30、as full-time professors. As such, they are not as personally invested in the quality and outcome of their teaching. Finally, it has been reported that many adjuncts practice grade inflation raising grades higher than deserved in order to maintain their job security by keeping students pleased. These
31、 outcomes are not because adjuncts are malfeasant or incompetent professors, but rather because of the structural pressures this type of work involves precisely what the tenure system sought to overcome. F The rising use of adjunct professors also has implications for the research and pedagogical au
32、tonomy of teachers. Because adjuncts do not have tenure, they can be fired with the simplest of explanations. Furthermore, administrators who do not want to give any reason at all can choose to simply not renew an adjuncts contract after the semester finishes. As such, there is immense pressure on a
33、djuncts to teach in ways that please those who employ them. While only 50 tenured professors lose their jobs in the USA every year, reports emerge every day about adjuncts who have been fired or not had contracts renewed after disputes with faculty or administrators over course design, teaching, or
34、employment issues. As the pool of growing numbers of adjuncts compete desperately for the shrinking amount of tenure-track positions, intellectual conformity can grow as candidates position themselves as safe, mainstream choices. As theoretical physicist Lee Smiling has written, “.it is practically
35、career suicide for young theoretical physicists not to join the field of string theory.“ The rising use of adjunct professors is mainly rooted in a need for cost efficiency in education, but it has more diffuse effects on the wellbeing of academic professionals and students, the quality of the educa
36、tion they receive, and academic freedom in general. Everyone who is concerned about more than the fiscal bottom line needs to follow this trend carefully. Reading Passage 2 has six sections A-F. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-i
37、x in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Uncertain future for academic freedom ii Low pay causes problems iii Tough life, worse prospects iv A safety net for intellectual risk-takers v The necessity for economic reform vi Educational standards decline vii Adverse effects on health o
38、f adjuncts viii Academic life: perception versus reality ix Exploitation of a stop-gap system 14 Section A 15 Section B 16 Section C 17 Section D 18 Section E 19 Section F 20 What was the motivation behind the tenure system? （ A） To allow professors to pursue their research without outside influence
39、. （ B） To prevent academic positions from being used for research that is not useful. （ C） To discipline professors who make claims that are not true. （ D） To provide professors with a secure income so that they can focus on research. 21 Which of the following is NOT a feature of adjunct employment?
40、 （ A） Contracts that expire after a limited period （ B） Paid sick leave （ C） Lecturing responsibilities （ D） Difficulty securing funding for research 22 Why do adjuncts have low prospects for improving their academic position? （ A） They are unable to receive medical care. （ B） They do not have enoug
41、h time for writing articles. （ C） They work at more than one institution. （ D） They are under-qualified. 23 Because adjuncts are paid only to teach, they cannot always provide support for _. 24 Adjuncts do not have the same bonds with one particular institution as permanent staff do so they do not _
42、 in the same way. 25 Giving better marks than warranted enhances adjuncts_. 26 Adjuncts do not deliver quality education, not because they are bad lecturers but as a result of _. 26 Good Parenting its up for discussion Raising a baby may, at first, appear to be a highly personal, intimate affair bet
43、ween child and caregiver. In fact, there are often very public battles over every facet of child care, however: Breastfeeding or bottle-feeding? Breastfeeding in public? Toilet training - when and how? Nothing escapes judgment or scrutiny. Restlessness and crying at bedtimes are no different, and th
44、ree different schools of thought have emerged around how parents should respond to this problem. These have been called extinction, attachment parenting and graduated extinction. Attachment parenting, a term coined by pediatrician William Sears, suggests that children form powerful emotional bonds w
45、ith caregivers during early childhood that have implications for their development through life. The basis for this theory was generated within the field of developmental psychology during the 1950s, when researcher John Bowl by proposed that maternal deprivation during infancy could decrease a pers
46、ons ability to form healthy adult relationships years later. Attachment parenting seeks to avoid this tendency by placing great importance on childhood bonding through the caregivers holding and cuddling her baby when he is upset. Attachment parenting also suggests that babies ability to communicate
47、 their requirements is limited to crying, and that parents need to learn to understand what different types of crying signal. No crying is considered superfluous even if the baby merely wants to be comforted rather than fall asleep caregivers are encouraged to affirm these desires. The extinction me
48、thod proposes that, so long as a baby has had adequate calorie intake during the day, he or she can reasonably be expected to maintain nocturnal somnolence. The core postulates of this approach were laid clown by Emmett Holt but they have been extrapolated upon by authors such as Warwick Reilly and
49、further adapted recently by Melinda Collins to form the extinction method of today. Caregivers are encouraged to develop a gentle evening routine that involves feeding 45 minutes before bed, bathing, dressing and laying the baby in his sleeping sack, walking out and closing the door and remaining out of the childs presence until dawn even if he cries for extensive periods of time. It is expected that sooner or later children will realize that crying is ineffective, and that they must learn to comfo
