1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 57及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that green consumers continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterdays issue may be seriou
2、sly misjudging the public mood. A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a green wave has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by en
3、vironmental concerns, The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with ethical concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood. Mintels
4、survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 per cent more for such products, although this percentage is higher am
5、ong women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 per cent but the number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has risen substantia
6、lly. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, A
7、ngela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not gone off the boil. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations. Mintels 1994 survey found th
8、at 13 per cent of consumers are very dark green, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 per cent are dark green, trying as far as possible to buy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green - tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchair green
9、s; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not care about green issues. Four in ten people are ethical spenders, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure
10、is the same as in 1990, although the number of armchair ethicals has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent say they are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the
11、 products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue - 48 per cent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been test
12、ed on animals followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factory farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on
13、the environmental agenda. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is
14、impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1 The research findings report commercial rather than political trends. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying green. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 The majority of shoppers are
15、prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 Consumers green shopping habits are influenced by Mintels findings. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 Mintel have limited their investigation to professional and managerial g
16、roups. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Mintel undertakes mardet surveys on an annual basis. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 7 Politicians may have misjudged the public mood because_ （ A） they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems. （ B） there is more widespread interest in the
17、environment agenda than they anticipated. （ C） consumer spending has increased significantly as a result of green pressure. （ D） shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of issues. 8 What is Mintel? （ A） an environmentalist group （ B） a business survey organisation （ C） an academi
18、c research team （ D） a political organisation 9 A consumer expressing concern for environmental issues without actively supporting such principles is_ （ A） an ethical spender. （ B） a very dark green spender. （ C） an armchair green. （ D） a pale green spender. 9 Complete the summary using words from t
19、he box below. Write your answers in boxes 10 - 13 on your answer sheet. NB There are more answers than spaces, so you will not use them all. The Mintel report suggests that in future companies will be forced to practise greater【 R10】 _in their dealings because of the increased awareness amongst【 R11
20、】_of ethical issues. This prediction is supported by the growth in the number of【 R12】 _identified in the most recent survey published. As a consequence, it is felt that companies will have to think more carefully about their【 R13】 _ environmental research armchair ethicals honesty and openness envi
21、ronmentalists ethical spenders consumers politicians political beliefs social awareness financial constraints social record 10 【 R10】 11 【 R11】 12 【 R12】 13 【 R13】 13 A There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. In Britain, the fact that 30
22、 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all. So the hun
23、t is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far has focused on socio-economic factors, or the effectiveness of traditional versus modern teaching techniques. B The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They cant see the woo
24、d for the trees. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades, illustrations in reading primers have become impoverished - sometimes to the point of extinction. C Amazingly, there is virtually
25、 no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many schoo
26、l children receive are totally without text. D A teachers main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to unde
27、rstand much of it: this is called barking at text. The teachers task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing rich language
28、at school. E Instead, it is not unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a pictur
29、e actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained. F As they
30、grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competi
31、tion for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at senior le
32、vels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to discuss the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. G Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-catching. But motivation to read should be prov
33、ided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills, then I think we are making a
34、great mistake. H Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning, psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for beginner readers. Here is a brief selection: I The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dal
35、e Willows were clear and consistent: pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the childs reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If the
36、y do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. J Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt
37、 significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and pictures,
38、 those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all. 14 Readers are said to bark at a text when_ （ A） they read too loudly. （ B） th
39、ere are too many repetitive words. （ C） they are discouraged from using their imagination. （ D） they have difficulty assessing its meaning. 15 The text suggests that_ （ A） pictures in books should be less detailed. （ B） picture can slow down reading progress. （ C） picture books are best used with yo
40、unger readers. （ D） pictures make modern books too expensive. 16 University academics are concerned because_ （ A） young people are showing less interest in higher education. （ B） students cannot understand modern academic texts. （ C） academic books are too childish for their undergraduates. （ D） the
41、re has been a significant change in student literacy. 17 The youngest readers will quickly develop good reading skills if they_ （ A） learn to associate the words in a text with pictures. （ B） are exposed to modern teaching techniques. （ C） are encouraged to ignore pictures in the text. （ D） learn th
42、e art of telling stories. 17 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2 ? In boxes 18 - 21 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if these is no information about thi
43、s in the passage 18 It is traditionally accepted that childrens books should contain few pictures. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 Teachers aim to teach both word recognition and word meaning. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 20 Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pic
44、tures. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 21 Literacy has improved as a result of recent academic conferences. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 21 Reading Passage 2 has ten paragraphs, A - J. Which paragraphs state the following information ? Write the appropriate letters A - J in boxes 22 - 25 on your
45、answer sheet. NB There are more paragraphs than summaries, so you will not use them all. 22 The decline of literacy is seen in groups of differing ages and abilities. 23 Reading methods currently in use go against research findings. 24 Readers able to ignore pictures are claimed to make greater prog
46、ress. 25 Illustrations in books can give misleading information about word meaning. 26 From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of Reading Passage 2. Write the appropriate letter A - E in box 26 on your answer sheet. (A)The global decline in reading levels (B)Concern about re
47、cent educational developments (C)The harm that picture books can cause (D)Research carried out on childrens literature (E)An examination of modern reading styles 26 IN SEARCH OF THE HOLY GRAIL It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than 2 billion, it is the most ambitious
48、scientific project since the Apollo programme that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will not be complete until early next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of,
49、 and new treatments for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. As a result of the Human Genome Project, there will be new hope of liberation from the shadows of cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and some psychiatric illnesses. The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state, but audacious in scope: to map and analyse every single gene within the double helix of humanitys DNA. The pr
