1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 68及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since 1 joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I
2、have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes. Doreen SokoWeve had business experience. Now Im confident to expand what weve been doing. Ive learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for reinvestment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didnt know ea
3、ch other before - now weve made new friends. Fan KaomaParticipants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, ZambiaIntroductionAlthough small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to di
4、rect such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the streets or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International(S.K.I.)has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic
5、 lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I, and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at
6、 home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets
7、 are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street c
8、hildren who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate i
9、n other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I, has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. P
10、articipants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, the Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnershi
11、p program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint prog
12、ram with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons LearnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I, and partner organisations have created. B
13、eing an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisations programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been es
14、sential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are
15、tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individuals situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets
16、 such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I, programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100. Al
17、l S.K.I, programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished yo
18、ung people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help part
19、icipants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses. 1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article （ A） exemplify the effects of S.K.I. （ B） explain why S.K.I, was set up. （ C） outline the problems of street children. （ D） highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.
20、2 The main purpose of S.K.I, is to （ A） draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children. （ B） provide schools and social support for street children. （ C） encourage the public to give money to street children. （ D） give business training and loans to street children. 3 Which of t
21、he following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets? （ A） unemployment （ B） war （ C） poverty （ D） crime 4 In order to become more independent, street children may （ A） reject paid employment. （ B） leave their families. （ C） set up their own businesses. （ D）
22、employ other children. 4 Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.8 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet wri
23、te YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN
24、 10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed. （ A） YES （ B） NO （
25、C） NOT GIVEN 13 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet. The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street children A as part of a wider program of aid. B for programs that are not too ambitious. C when programs are supported by local bus
26、inesses. D if the projects planned are realistic and useful. 13 Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. List of Headingsi Causes of volcanic eruptionii Effor
27、ts to predict volcanic eruptionill Volcanoes and the features of our planetiv Different types of volcanic eruptionv International relief effortsvi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions Volcanoes - earth-shattering news When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes
28、past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away. But the
29、classic eruption - cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava - is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped
30、the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt. Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the worlds first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active vol
31、canoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust. What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas
32、is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the
33、 mass of the worlds atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy
34、white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack - like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hott
35、er. Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly flow like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the eggshell of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each othe
36、r, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknes
37、ses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350C, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly. Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma - molten rock from the mantle -inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to snow thr
38、ough as granite extrusions(as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrians Wall in northern England). Sometimes - as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa - the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to t
39、he surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption. Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges
40、upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens
41、on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giants Causeway in Northern
42、 Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption. The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and y
43、ou can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates - the plates which make up the earths crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ring of fire where there have been the most violent explosions - Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helens in the Rockies and El Chicho
44、n in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful co
45、ne from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years. Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, th
46、e mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelee in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened
47、 the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones. 14 Section A 15 Section B 16 Section C 17 Section D 17 Answer the questions bel
48、ow using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet. 18 What are the sections of the earths crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called? 19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle? 20 What
49、 is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called? 21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive? 21 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet. Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earths land surface. They may also have produced the worlds atmosphere and【 R22】 _Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earths mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eru
