1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 91及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Trends in the Indian fashion and textile industries During the 1950s, the Indian fashion scene was exciting, stylish and very graceful. There were no celebrity designers or models,
2、nor were there any labels that were widely recognised. The value of a garment was judged by its style and fabric rather than by who made it. It was regarded as perfectly acceptable, even for high-society women, to approach an unknown tailor who could make a garment for a few rupees, providing the pe
3、rfect fit, finish and style. They were proud of getting a bargain, and of giving their own name to the end result. The 1960s was an era full of mischievousness and celebration in the arts, music and cinema. The period was characterised by freedom from restrictions and, in the fashion world, an accep
4、tance of innovative types of material such as plastic and coated polyester. Tight-fitting kurtas* and churidars* and high coiffures were a trend among women. The following decade witnessed an increase in the export of traditional materials, and the arrival in India of international fashion. Syntheti
5、cs became trendy, and the disco culture affected the fashion scene. It was in the early 80s when the first fashion store Ravissant opened in Mumbai. At that time garments were retailed for a four-figure price tag. American designers like Calvin Klein became popular. In India too, contours became mor
6、e masculine, and even the salwar kameez* was designed with shoulder pads. With the evolution of designer stores came the culture of designer fashion, along with its hefty price tags. Whatever a garment was like, consumers were convinced that a higher price tag signified elegant designer fashion, so
7、garments were sold at unbelievable prices. Meanwhile, designers decided to get themselves noticed by making showy outfits and associating with the right celebrities. Soon, fashion shows became competitive, each designer attempting to out-do the other in theme, guest list and media coverage. In the l
8、ast decade of the millennium, the market shrank and ethnic wear made a comeback. During the recession, there was a push to sell at any cost. With fierce competition the inevitable occurred: the once hefty price tags began their downward journey, and the fashion-show industry followed suit. However,
9、the liveliness of the Indian fashion scene had not ended it had merely reached a stable level. At the beginning of the 21st century, with new designers and models, and more sensible designs, the fashion industry accelerated once again. As far as the global fashion industry is concerned, Indian ethni
10、c designs and materials are currently in demand from fashion houses and garment manufacturers. India is the third largest producer of cotton, the second largest producer of silk, and the fifth largest producer of man-made fibres in the world. The Indian garment and fabric industries have many fundam
11、ental advantages, in terms of a cheaper, skilled work force, cost-effective production, raw materials, flexibility, and a wide range of designs with sequins, beadwork, and embroidery. In addition, that India provides garments to international fashion houses at competitive prices, with a shorter lead
12、 time, and an effective monopoly on certain designs, is accepted the whole world over. India has always been regarded as the default source in the embroidered garments segment, but changes in the rate of exchange between the rupee and the dollar has further depressed prices, thereby attracting more
13、buyers. So the international fashion houses walk away with customised goods, and craftwork is sold at very low rates. As far as the fabric market is concerned, the range available in India can attract as well as confuse the buyer. Much of the production takes place in the small town of Chapa in the
14、eastern state of Bihar, a name one might never have heard of. Here fabric-making is a family industry; the range and quality of raw silks churned out here belie the crude production methods and equipment. Surat in Gujarat, is the supplier of an amazing set of jacquards, moss crepes and georgette she
15、ers all fabrics in high demand. Another Indian fabric design that has been adopted by the fashion industry is the Madras check, originally utilised for the universal lungi, a simple lower-body wrap worn in southern India. This design has now found its way on to bandannas, blouses, home furnishings a
16、nd almost anything one can think of. Ethnic Indian designs with batik and hand-embroidered motifs have also become popular across the world. Decorative bead work is another product in demand in the international market. Beads are used to prepare accessory items like belts and bags, and beadwork is n
17、ow available for haute couture evening wear too. * knee-length tunics * trousers * trouser suit Questions 1-7 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Indian fashion: 1950-2000 1950s No well-known designers, models or 【 R1】 _ Elegant clothing coet little Women
18、 were pleased to get clothes for a 【 R2】 _price 1960s Hew materials, eg 【 R3】 _and polyester Fitted clothing and tall hairstyles 1970s Overseas sales of 【 R4】 _fabrics rose Influence of International fashion 1950s Opening of fashion store in Mumbai Popularity of American designers Clothing had a 【 R
19、5】 _shape Designers tried to attract attention by presenting 【 R6】 _ clothes and mixing with stars 1990s Fail in demand for expensive fashion wear Return to 【 R7】 _clothing 1 【 R1】 2 【 R2】 3 【 R3】 4 【 R4】 5 【 R5】 6 【 R6】 7 【 R7】 7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Readi
20、ng Passage 1? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 8 At the start of the 21st century, key elements in the Indian fashion industry changed. 9 India now exports more than half of the cot
21、ton it produces. 10 Conditions in India are generally well suited to the manufacture of clothing. 11 Indian clothing exports have suffered from changes in the value of its currency. 12 Modern machinery accounts for the high quality of Chapas silk. 13 Some types of Indian craftwork which are internat
22、ionally popular had humble origins. 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1426, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Sustainable growth at Didcot: the outline of a report by South Oxfordshire District Council A The UK Governments South East Plan proposes additional housing growth
23、in the town of Didcot, which has been a designated growth area since 1979. We in South Oxfordshire District Council consider that, although Didcot does have potential for further growth, such development should be sustainable, well-planned, and supported by adequate infrastructure and community serv
24、ices. B Recent experience in Didcot has demonstrated that large greenfield* developments cannot resource all the necessary infrastructure and low-cost housing requirements. The ensuing compromises create a legacy of local transport, infrastructure and community services deficits, with no obvious mea
25、ns of correction. We wish to ensure that there is greater recognition of the cost attached to housing growth, and that a means is found to resource the establishment of sustainable communities in growth areas. C Until the 1950s, the development of job opportunities in the railway industry, and in a
26、large, military ordnance depot, was the spur to Didcots expansion. Development at that time was geared to providing homes for the railway and depot workers, with limited investment in shopping and other services for the local population. Didcot failed to develop Broadway as a compact town centre, an
27、d achieved only a strip of shops along one side of the main street hemmed in by low density housing and service trade uses. D From the 1970s, strategic planning policies directed significant new housing development to Didcot. Planners recognised Didcots potential, with rapid growth in local job oppo
28、rtunities and good rail connections for those choosing to work farther afield. However, the town is bisected by the east-west railway, and people living in Ladygrove, the urban extension to the north which has been built since the 1980s, felt, and still feel, cut off from the town and its community.
29、 E Population growth in the new housing areas failed to spark adequate private-sector investment in town centre uses, and the limited investment which did take place Didcot Market Place development in 1982, for instance did not succeed in delivering the number and range of town centre uses needed by
30、 the growing population. In 1990, public sector finance was used to buy the land required for the Orchard Centre development, comprising a superstore, parking and a new street of stores running parallel to Broadway. The development took 13 years to complete. F The idea that, by obliging developers o
31、f new housing to contribute to the cost of infrastructure and service requirements, all the necessary finance could be raised, has proved unachievable. Substantial public finance was still needed to deliver major projects such as the new link road to the A34 on the outskirts of the town at Milton, t
32、he improved railway crossing at Marsh Bridge and new schools. Such projects were delayed due to difficulties in securing public finance. The same problem also held back expansion of health and social services in the town. G In recent years, government policy, in particular the requirement for develo
33、pers that forty percent of the units in a new housing development should be low cost homes, has had a major impact on the economics of such development, as it has limited the developers contribution to the costs of infrastructure. The planning authorities are facing difficult choices in prioritising
34、 the items of infrastructure which must be funded by development, and this, in turn, means that from now on public finance will need to provide a greater proportion of infrastructure project costs. H The Governments Sustainable Communities Plan seeks a holistic approach to new urban development in w
35、hich housing, employment, services and infrastructure of all kinds are carefully planned and delivered in a way which avoids the infrastructure deficits that have occurred in places like Didcot in the past. This report, therefore, is structured around the individual components of a sustainable commu
36、nity, and shows the baseline position for each component. I Didcot has been identified as one of the towns with which the Government is working to evaluate whether additional growth will strengthen the economic potential of the town, deliver the necessary infrastructure and improve environmental sta
37、ndards. A programme of work, including discussions with the local community about their aspirations for the town as well as other stakeholders, will be undertaken over the coming months, and will lead to the development of a strategic master plan. The challenge will be in optimising scarce resources
38、 to achieve maximum benefits for the town. * land that has never previously been built on Questions 1426 Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I. 14 reference to the way the councils report is organ
39、ised 15 the reason why inhabitants in one part of Didcot are isolated 16 a statement concerning future sources of investment 17 the identification of two major employers at Didcot 18 reference to groups who will be consulted about a new development plan 19 an account of how additional town centre fa
40、cilities were previously funded 19 Look at the following places and the list of statements below. Match each place with the correct statement, A-F. Write the correct letter, A-F. List of statements A It provided extra facilities for shopping and cars. B Its location took a long time to agree. C Its
41、layout was unsuitable. D Its construction was held up due to funding problems. E It was privately funded. F It failed to get Council approval at first. 20 Broadway 21 Market Place 22 Orchard Centre 23 Marsh Bridge 23 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
42、each answer. 24 A certain proportion of houses in any new development now have to be of the_type. 25 The government is keen to ensure that adequate_will be provided for future housing developments. 26 The views of Didcots inhabitants and others will form the basis of a_for the town. 26 You should sp
43、end about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Language diversity One of the most influential ideas in the study of languages is thatof universal grammar(UG). Put forward by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s, it is widely interpreted as meaning that all languages are ba
44、sically the same, and that the human brain is born language-ready, with an in-built programme that is able to interpret the common rules underlying any mother tongue. For five decades this idea prevailed, and influenced work in linguistics, psychology and cognitive science. To understand language, i
45、t implied, you must sweep aside the huge diversity of languages, and find their common human core. Since the theory of UG was proposed, linguists have identified many universal language rules. However, there are almost always exceptions. It was once believed, for example, that if a language had syll
46、ables* that begin with a vowel and end with a consonant(VC), it would also have syllables that begin with a consonant and end with a vowel(CV). This universal lasted until 1999, when linguists showed that Arrernte, spoken by Indigenous Australians from the area around Alice Springs in the Northern T
47、erritory, has VC syllables but no CV syllables. Other non-universal universals describe the basic rules of putting words together. Take the rule that every language contains four basic word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Work in the past two decades has shown that several languages l
48、ack an open adverb class, which means that new adverbs cannot be readily formed, unlike in English where you can turn any adjective into an adverb, for example soft into softly. Others, such as Lao, spoken in Laos, have no adjectives at all. More controversially, some linguists argue that a few lang
49、uages, such as Straits Salish, spoken by indigenous people from north-western regions of North America, do not even have distinct nouns or verbs. Instead, they have a single class of words to include events, objects and qualities. Even apparently indisputable universals have been found lacking. This includes recursion, or the ability to infinitely place one grammatical unit inside a similar unit, such as Jack thinks that Mary thinks that. the bus will be on time. It is widely considered to be the most essential ch
