1、2007年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 Affix 2 Displacement 3 Phonology 4 Pragmatics 5 Sense 6 Adjunct 7 Diachronic linguistics 8 Duality of structure 9 Dissimilation 10 Hyponymy 二、简答题 11 What are the main concerns of semantics? 12 What is cognitive linguistics? 13 What is the metalingual functio
2、n of language? 14 What are the main concerns of syntax? 15 Explain briefly bilingualism and diaglossia. 16 What is the distinction between competence and performance? How is the distinction related to that between langue and parole? 17 What is the difference between direct thought and free indirect
3、thought? Compare the following sentences and explain their differences briefly. A. “He will be late“, she thought. B. She thought that he would be late. C. He was bound to be late! 18 Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics? 19 Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive
4、 linguistics? Give your reasons. 20 What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Exemplify how the violation of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature. 三、写作题 21 Do you think there is an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning? Illustrate your view with examples. 22 W
5、hat do you think is the relationship between language and thought? Elaborate on your view with respect to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. 23 Do you think language is a mirror of society or a medium of constituting and constructing society, or both? Elaborate on your view of the relationship between lang
6、uage and society. 2007年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 【正确答案】 An affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem), and it is naturally bound. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classified into t
7、hree subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word. 【试题解析】 词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素 (词根或词干 )上的一类语素的总称。因此，词素本质上是黏着的。语言中词缀数量是有限的，根据它们跟词根和词干的相对位置，一般可以把词缀分为三类：前缀、后缀和中缀。本题考查构词法所涉及的相关基本概念。答案可以从语言学教程 (第三版 ) (胡壮麟主编 )(以下简称教程 )第 62-63页或教程 (第三版中文版 )找到 。同时，考生也
8、应掌握词素、自由词素、黏着词素、词根和词干等概念。 2 【正确答案】 Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是语言的本质特征之一 移位性。移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时使用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件或观点。答案可以从教程第 7-8页找到。语
9、言的本质特征还包括arbitrariness(任意性 )、 duality(二重性 )、 creativity(创造性 )等，考生也需要掌握。 3 【正确答案】 Phonology is one of the branches of linguistics, and it studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language b
10、y treating phoneme as the point of departure. 【试题解析】 此题考查语言学的分支之一 音系学，音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。音系学以音位为起点来处理语言的语音系统。答案可从教程第 15-16页或第二章找到。同时，考生还需掌握包括 phonetics(语音学 )、 morphology(形态学 )、 syntax(句法学 )、 semantics(语义学 )、 pragmatics(语用学 )、 macrolinguistics(宏观语言学 )、 psycholinguistics(心理语言学 )、sociolinguistics
11、(社会语言学 )、 anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学 )、computational linguistics(计算语言学 )在内的语言学其他分支。 4 【正确答案】 Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of langua
12、ge performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communication rather than with the way language is structured. It regards speech performance as primarily a social act ruled by various social conventions. Some key concepts such as
13、reference, force, effect, and cooperative principles may appear commonsensical, yet pragmatics is just about one of the most promising fields of linguistic studies. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是语用学的定义。语用学在语境中研究意义。它研究特定场合下的特定话语，尤其注意不同的语言运用的社会语境如何影响语义的诠释。换句话说，语用学关心的是语言如何被用来交际，而不是语言如何构成。语用学主要把言语运用看作是各种社会常规所制约的社会行为，其中像
14、指代、语力、效果、合作原则等概念是语用学的研究对象。考生可参考教程第 17页与第 185页的内容。 5 【正确答案】 Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. It is concerned with the intralinguistic relations. Leech also uses “sense“ as a briefer term for his con
15、ceptual meaning. This usage is justifiable in that as technical term “sense“ may be used in the same way as “connotation“ is used in philosophy. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是 “词的涵义 ”的定义。一个词的涵义可以看作是它跟其他词之间的一种涵义关系网络。也就是说，我们可以把涵义界定为词语之间的语义关系。更概括地看，是语言单位之间的语义关系。它体现的是语言内关系。考生可参考教程第 109页。同时，考生还应掌握 meaning、 reference theo
16、ry、reference等概念的含义。 6 【正确答案 】 Adjunct first refers to any element in the structure of a clause which is not part of its nucleus or core. e.g. in I will bring it on my bike tomorrow, the nucleus of the clause is I will bring it; the adjuncts are on my bike and tomorrow. Adverbs of time, place, freque
17、ncy, degree and manner are examples of adjuncts. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是附加语或修饰语的定义，考生可参考教程第 306-317页的内容。 7 【正确答案】 Saussures Diachronic linguistics is the study of development of language and languages through the course of its history. 【试题解 析】 本题考查的是历时语言学的定义。索绪尔的历时语言学是在语言的历时演化中研究语言。考生可参考教程第 24页。同时，考生还需掌握与此相对应
18、的 synchronic linguistics(共时语言学 )的定义，以及这两个研究学派的代表人物。 8 【正确答案】 Duality means “the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.“(Lyons, 1981:20) 【试题解析】
19、 此处考查的是语言的二层性特征，是指 “拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则 ”(Lyons，1981)。考生可参考教程第 5-6页。同时考生还应掌握语言的其他几个本质特征 (参考前面第 2题 )。 9 【正确答案】 Dissimilation refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是
20、词汇相关的概念 异化作用，指的是一个音段影响了另一个音段的发音，结果这些音变得不同或不太相近。与此对应的一个概念是assimilation(同化 )。考生可参考教程第 71-72页内容。 同时，考生还需掌握音系学与形态学对应的其他几个概念：词素与音位，词素结构和音位结构、词素变体、形态音系学和形态音位学。 10 【正确答案】 Hyponymy is the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. For example, the meaning of desk is in
21、cluded in that of furniture, and the meaning of sparrow is included in that of bird. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是上下义关系的定义，这是个专门术语，表示的是包容涵义关系。这是一种类属关系。例如， “书桌 ”的意义包括在 “家具 ”意义中， “麻雀 ”的意义包括在 “鸟 ”的意义中。考生可参照教程第 113-114页内容。同时，考生应掌握涵义关系中的同义关系、反义关系。 二、简答题 11 【正确答案】 The subject concerning the study of meaning is called SEM
22、ANTICS. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and abov
23、e it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences. The following are what the key concepts look like: semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy, sense relations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition and more. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是语言学分
24、支的基本研究对象。研究意义的学科叫语义学。更具体地说，语义学是研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。语义学考察的是意义如何在语言中被编码。它不仅关心词作为词项的意义，还关心词的上下语言层面，例如语素和句子的意义。下面是一些关键性概念：语义成分、词的所指、词之间的意义联系 (如反义词、同义词 )，句子之间的意义联系(如蕴含和预设的关系 )等。考生可参考教程第一章第 17页及第五章的介绍，同时，考生还应掌握语言学其他分支的具体研究内容和研究对象。 12 【正确答案 】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natu
25、ral language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. It is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language(Ruiz
26、 de Mendoza, 1997). It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world(Ungerer but he does not accept the view of seeing langue as a mere systematic inventory of items. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of perf
27、ormances the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user. Saussure believed that language was a social product and while Chomsky studied competence and performance on the basis that “linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely h
28、omogeneous speech-community who knows its language perfectly“. He considered competence a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studied language from the sociological viewpoint while Chomsky studied language by taking the psychological viewpoint. 【试题解析】 此题考查了索绪尔所提出的 Langue(语言 )和 Parole(言
29、语 )，以及乔姆斯基所提出的 competence(语言能力 )和 performance(语言运用 )。乔姆斯基主要从心理语言学的角度分析了语言，他将一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在意识称之为他的语言能力，而语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。他认为语言学家的任务是从语言运用的数据中确定语言使用者已经掌握的潜在规则系统。索绪尔所采取的是社 会语言学的角度，他用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和语言上 (表达 )的实际表现或语料。他认为，虽然言语是即时可取的材料，但语言学家的正确研究对象应该是每个团体的语言。 17 【正确答案】 Direct thought is one way of
30、speech and thought presentation, and it tends to be used for presenting conscious, deliberative thought. It is quite often used to represent imaginary conversations which characters have with themselves or others, which is presumably why it so often has the flavour of conscious thinking. Free indire
31、ct thoughts are the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters. They are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech. Free indirect thoughts contain a mixture of direct and indirect features, as we can show by “translating“ them first into indirect thought an
32、d then direct thought. Sentence A is a direct thought because it directly presents the thinking “she“ has. The way this thought is presented to the audience is as if she was making a speech. Sentence B is indirect thought. It gives the audience the content of the thought but not the exact words that
33、 appear in her mind. Sentence C is free indirect thought. It points out the content of the thought without signifying that she is doing so. It appears at first sight to be indirect thought but has the feature of direct thought. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对直接思维和自由间 接思维的理解。同时考生还应理解间接思维以及这三种思维表现方式之间的区别并能对语料进行分析。考生
34、可参考教程第九章 225229页的内容。 18 【正确答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form(signifier)and an idea(signifie
35、d), and it is the central fact of language. By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of lang
36、ue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是对现代语言学之父 索绪尔的了解。我们之所以把索绪尔看作现代语言学之父，是因为他是第一个注意到语言的复杂性的语言学家。他认为语言 是一个符号系统。为了交流思想，符号必须是整个符号系统的一部分，即 “惯例 ”。他指出符号是形式 (能指 )和意义 (所指 )的结合，是语言的核心事实。通过回答与语言多方面相关的文体，索绪尔明确了语言作为一门科学所要研究的对象。他关
37、于符号的任意性和语言单位的相关性的思想，以及对 “语言 ”和 “言语 ”、 “历时 ”和 “共时 ”的区分等等，把语言学推进到一个崭新的阶段。考生可以在教程第十二章引言部分找到对索绪尔语言学基本观点的介绍。 19 【正确答案】 Yes, I prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics. The distinction between them lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Prescriptivism i
38、s to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. Some usages were prescribed to be learned by heart, followed accurately or avoided altogether. It was a matter of black or white, right or wrong. “To say that linguistics is a descriptive(i.e. no
39、n-normative)science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other(i.e. extraneous)rules, or norms, of correctness.“(Lyons, 1981:47) Language changes and develops in accordan
40、ce with the development of society. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. It differs from earlier studies of language normally known as “grammar“ in that the latter is based on “high“(re
41、ligious, literary)written language. It aims to set models for language users to follow. On the other hand, modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and its task is to describe the language people actually use, be it “correct“ or not. Of course, this does not mean that there are
42、not rules governing the language use. Modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对 语言学中的规定式和描写式的理解。这两者之间的区别在于，前者说明事情应该如何，而后者描述事情本是怎样。规定式是指语法学家尝试为正确使用语言定下各种规则，一劳永逸地解决用法上的争议。一些被规定为需要记住的用法要么被严格接受要么被一致反
43、对。因为在规定式看来，这是黑与白、对与错的问题。 “把语言学说成描述性 (即非标准化 )的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录同一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是强加给他们其他 (即外来的 )规则或正确的标准。 ”(Lyons， 1981： 47)。此题答案可参考教程 19-20页及简明教程 第 3-4页的内容。 20 【正确答案】 The four maxims of Cooperative Principle are: QUANTITY, QUALITY, RELATION, and MANNER. 1)A: What are you reading? B:Abook. A knows B
44、is reading a book, and is asking about the content of the book. Simply by saying “a book“, B is not offering enough information. The implicature here is: I do not want to talk to you right now. In this case, the maxim of QUANTITY is violated. 2)He is made of iron. Our common sense tells us no human
45、being is made of iron. Obviously this is a false statement and has violated the maxim of QUALITY. The implicature here is: he is as strong as iron. 3)A: Mrs. Smith was such a bore at the party last night. B: Its really chilly here. I want to go out to warm up. When A is talking about Mrs. Smith, B t
46、urns to talk about something totally irrelevant. Therefore the maxim of RELATION is violated. The implicature here is: It is impolite to say that. 4)a. Miss Smith sang “Home sweet home“. b. Miss Smith produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the song of “Home sweet home“. The two s
47、entences actually are basically talking about the same thing. But sentence b is stated in such a way that makes it more obscure for the audience and therefore violates the maxim of MANNER. The implicature here is: Miss Smith does not sing well and I do not like her singing. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是格莱斯言语交际理论中的合
48、作原则。合作原则下有四个准则：数量。准则、质量准则、关系准则和方式准则。这四条准则的内容可以在教程第八章 190-195页找到。考生应掌握这四条准则的含义以及准则的违反，并且可以用它们来分析会话含义。 三、写作题 21 【正确答案】 Yes, I believe there is an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. According to Saussure, the ar
49、bitrariness nature of language refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is called a book, read as /buk/, or a pen a /pen/ or笔 in Chinese instead of something else. However, there seems to be different levels of ARBITRARINESS. (1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. You may object this when you think of words with different degrees of onomatopoeia namely, words that sounds like the sounds they describe. For examp
