1、2007年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 Approximant 2 Coarticulation 3 Arbitrariness 4 Complementary distribution 二、音标题 5 Work out the distinctive features of the following sounds. th_ 6 w_ 7 v_ 8 _ 9 l_ 三、填空题 10 In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into_words and_words.
2、11 _is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. 12 A sentence structure that is made up of layers of word groups is called a_structure. 四、简答题 13 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question “Does John like the bo
3、ok?“ 14 The British linguist F.R. Palmer argues that “there is no absolute distinction betweengradable antonyms and complementary antonyms.“ Do you believe so? Support your view with examples. 15 One of the characteristics of conversational implicature is CANCELLABITITY. What is the basic working pr
4、inciple of CANCELLABILITY? How can we use it to make our meaning well expressed? 2007年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 【正确答案】 Approximant, also called frictionless continuant. This is an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but the vocal tract is not much narrowed and the gap is
5、 larger than that for a fricative. So no friction is created. Thats why its called frictionless continuants. 【试题解析】 本题考查无摩擦延续音的概念。气流在口腔中部受阻，并且，舌的一边或两边和上颚形成不完全的封闭，边音的通道是一个接近开放的间隙，不会产生摩擦的噪音。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 53页。 2 【正确答案】 Coarticulation is a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappi
6、ng articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 【试题解析】 本题考查协同发音的概念。话语是一个连续的过程，所以发音器官不是从一系列分离的步骤中，从一个音段移到下一个音段。实际上，语音会持续地受到他们临近音的影响。当涉及到同时或重合的发音时，我们称这些 过程为协同发音。协同发音又被分为逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 53页。 3 【正确答
7、案】 Arbitrariness is one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的任意性的概念。任意性是语 言的本质特征之一，它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 4页。 4 【正确答案】 Complementary distribution refers to the rela
8、tion between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 【试题解析】 本题考查互补分布的概念。当两个或两个以上的音素从来不出现在相同的语音环境中，他们处于互补分布。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第58页。 二、音标题 5 【正确答案】 +Cons, +Alveolar, -Voiced, +Spread 【试题解析】 本题考查区别性特征。语音根据一系列的特
9、征进行分类，例如，根据辅音的部位和发音方法描写辅音，而元音则是根据它们位置的前后进行描写。例如浊音能够使一个音位区别于另一个，它是英语阻塞音的一个区别特征。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 66页。 6 【正确答案】 -Cons, +Approx, +Voiced 7 【正确答案】 +Cons, +Labiodental, + Voiced 8 【正确答案】 +Cons, +Dental, +Voiced 9 【正确答案】 +Cons, +Approx, +Voiced 三、填空题 10 【正确答案】 grammatical, lexical 【试题解析】 本题考查词的分类中的语法词和词汇词
10、。就表达的意义来说，词可以分为语法词和词汇词。表达语法 意义的是语法词，如连词、介词、冠词和代词；具有词汇意义的词是词汇词，如名词、动词、形容词和副词。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 81页。 11 【正确答案】 Morphophonology or Morphophonemics 【试题解析】 本题考查形态音系学 (或形态音位学 )的概念。形态音系学是语言学中的一个分支，它研究音系学与形态学之间相互关系。答案可参照语言学教程(修订版 )第 93页。 12 【正确答案】 hierarchical 【试题解析】 本题考查层次结构的概念。结构主义 语言学家意识到，句子并不仅仅是个线性结构，由
11、一个一个前后相接的单词组成；他们也由一个层次结构，由一层一层的词组构成。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 122页。 四、简答题 13 【正确答案】 【试题解析】 本题考查直接成分分析法之树形图。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 122页。 14 【正确答案】 The British linguist F.R. Palmer argues that “there is no absolute distinction betweengradable antonyms and complementary antonyms.“ Antonymy is the name for opposit
12、eness relation. Gradable antonymy, and complementary antonymy are two main sub-types. a)Gradable antonymyis the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good bad, long short, big small. And they have three characteristics. First, they are gr
13、adable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. Something which is not “good“ is not necessarily “bad“. It may simply be “so-so“ or “average“. Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. There is
14、 no absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described. Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. We ask somebody “How old are you?“ and the person asked may
15、 not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as “What is your age?“ b)In contrast to the first type, the members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the
16、whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. Antonyms like alive dead, male female, present absent, innocentguilty, boy girl are of this type. Not only He is alive means He is not dead, He
17、is not alive also means He is dead. There is no intermediate ground between the two. To some extent, this difference between the gradable and the complementary can be compared to the traditional logical distinction between the contrary and the contradictory. In logic, a proposition is the contrary o
18、f another if both cannot be true, though they may both be false; e.g. The coffee is hot and The coffee is cold. And a proposition is the contradictory of another if it is impossible for both to be true, or false; e.g.: This is a male cat and This is a female cat. Secondly, the norm in this type is a
19、bsolute. It does not vary with the thing a word is applied to. The same norm is used for all the things it is applicable to. For example, there will be no such a situation that a creature is male by the standard of human being, but female by the standard of animal. If anything, the difference betwee
20、n the death of a man and that of a tree is a matter of kind, not of degree. Thirdly, there is no cover term for the two members of a pair. If you do not know the sex of a baby, you ask “Is it a boy or a girl?“ not “How male is it?“ The word male can only be used for boys, it cannot cover the meaning
21、 of girl. As a matter of fact, no adjective in this type can be modified by how. This is related to the fact that they are not modifiable by words like very. Now the pair of antonyms true: false is exceptional to some extent. This pair is usually regarded as complementary. True equals not false, and
22、 not true equals false. But there is a cover term. We can say “How true is the story?“ And there is a noun truth, related to this cover term. We can also use “very“ to modify true. It even has comparative and superlative degrees. A description may be truer than another, or is the truest among a numb
23、er of descriptions, though false cannot be used in this way. The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues in his Semantics(p. 97)that “there is no absolute distinction betweengradable antonyms and complementary antonyms. We can treat male/female, married/ single, alive/dead as gradable antonyms on occas
24、ions. Someone can be very male or more married and certainly more dead that alive.“ It is not advisable to tell beginners of linguistics that the distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms is relative. The expression “more dead than alive“ is not a true comparative. 【试题解析】 本题考查
25、等级反义关系和互补反义关系之间的关系。英国语言学家F R Palmer在他的 Semantics(语义学 p 97)一书中指出， “在 等级反义关系和互补反义关系 之间没有绝对的区分。有时我们可以把 “male female，married single， aIive dead看作等级反义词，某人可能 very male(很男性化 )或者 more married(更像已婚的 )，而且当然可能 more dead thanalive ”对语言学初学者讲等级反义关系和互补反义关系之间的区分是相对的，这一做法不可取。表达式 “more dead than alive”并不是真正的比较级。答案可参照
26、语言学教程 (修订版 )第 164-167页。 15 【正确答案】 CANCELLABITITY is also known as DEFEASIBILITY. The presence of a conversational implicature relies on a number of factors: the conventional meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, etc. For example, a. John has three cows. b. John has
27、only three cows. c. John has three cows, if not more. d. John has at least three cows. So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change. For example, sentence(a)usually implicates(b). But if we add “if not more“ to(a), to change it to(c), then the previous implicature(b)is cancelled, or d
28、efeated. And(c)means(d). In the case of the reference letter, if the writer adds “though I dont mean hes not good at philosophy“, then the original implicature is no longer there. The example of Premier Zhus speech at MIT also shows that implicatures can be cancelled by additional clauses. A convers
29、ational implicature may even be cancelled simply by the situational context. If “to have three cows“ is a condition for anyone to get a subsidy from the government, then when the inspector asks Johns neighbor(e), he could very well answer(f), without implicating(b). e. Has John really got the requis
30、ite number of cows? f. Oh sure, hes got three cows all right. Again in the case of the reference letter, if the student is applying for a lectureship in English, then this letter becomes a favorable comment. 【试题解析】 本题考查可取消性的相关理论。可取消性也被称为可废除性， 会话含义的存在依赖于一些因素：所用词的规约意义， CP，语言和情景语境，等等。所以，如果其中一个因素变了，含义也会相应地发生变化。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 256-261页。
