1、2008年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、音标题 1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking when necessary. Example: life-/laif/ respect/rispekt/ writhe 2 sigh 3 cupboard 4 Confucian 5 allophone 6 parole 7 langue 8 wives 9 anesthesia 10 odor 二、填空题 11 Halliday proposes a theory of metaf
2、unctions of language, that is, language has_, interpersonal and textual functions. 12 There has been a maxim in_which claims that “You are what you say.“ 13 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by_. 14 Systemic-Functional Grammar, unlike traditional grammar which takes sentence as t
3、he largest unit, takes _ as the basic unit. 15 _refers to a collection of Linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. 16 In linguistics,_refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined - to form sentences in a language, or simply,
4、 the study of the formation as sentences. 17 At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them,_consists of lines ha iambic pentameter which do not rhyme. 18 The type of language constructed by second or foreign lang
5、uage learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as_. 19 Error is the grammatically incorrect form;_appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. 20 In research into the relation between structure and function, J.
6、Firbas developed the notion of_.This notion is based on the fact that linguistic communication is not a static phenomenon, but a dynamic one. 21 In Hallidays Systemic Grammar, a system is a list of things between which it is possible to choose. So they are meanings, which the grammar can distinguish
7、. The items in a system are called_. 22 The present system of the_derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones(1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London. 23 As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones se
8、rve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones_. 24 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the_theory. 25 At what point is meaning extracted from the words in a
9、text? The reader is supposed to carry out the processes required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word is encountered; this is known as the_. 三、名词解释 26 metalanguage 27 distinctive features 28 blending 29 concord 30 propositional logic 31
10、gender difference 32 performatives 33 CALL 34 validity 35 textual function 四、举例说明题 36 Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language. 37 Semantic change plays a very important role in widening
11、 the vocabulary of a language. 38 Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. 五、简答题 39 Why should we teach or learn linguistics? 40 What are the major types of language test? 41 What is the main difference between literal language and figurative language? 2008年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷
12、答案与解析 一、音标题 1 【正确答案】 2 【正确答案】 /sai/ 3 【正确答案】 4 【正确答案】 5 【正确答案】 6 【正确答案】 7 【正确答案】 8 【正确答案】 /waivz/ 9 【正确答案】 10 【正确答案】 二、填空题 11 【正确答案】 ideational 【试题解析】 本题考查元功能理论中的意念功能。韩礼德提出了语言的元功能理论，既语言具备意念功能、人际功能与语篇功能。意念功能不仅建构了经验模式而且还建构了逻辑关系，人际功能规定了社会关系，语篇功能创造了与语境的相关关联 (韩礼德， 1994)。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 11页。 12 【正确答案】
13、sociolinguistics 【试题解析】 本题考查社会语言学领域有这么 一项准则。该准则声言： “人即其言 ”(Lakoff， 1991)。依循此项声言，我们可以通过引入社会语境中被认为是影响语言行为的某些社会因素来拓宽观察的范围。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 236-237页。 13 【正确答案】 Herbert Paul Grice 【试题解析】 本题考查会话含义的提出人。会话含义理论是语用学中的主要理论之一，是牛津大学的一位哲学家赫伯特 保罗 格莱斯所提出的。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 252页。 14 【正确答案】 clause 【试题解析 】 本题考查系统功能
14、语法的基础单位。系统功能语法不是像传统语法那样将句子视作最大单位，而是将分句看做基础单位。答案可参照语言学教程(修订版 )第 423页。 15 【正确答案】 Corpus 【试题解析】 本题考查语料的概念。语料以书面语篇或录音言语描写所收集的语言数据的集合。语料的主要目的是去证实有关语言的一项假设 如决定特定语音、单词的用法或句法结构是如何变异的。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第336-337页。 16 【正确答案】 Syntax 【试题解析】 本题考查句法学的 概念。在语言中，句法就是研究一种语言中词语组合成句的规则的学问，或者简单地说，是研究句子生成的学问。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订
15、版 )第 115页。 17 【正确答案】 blank verse 【试题解析】 本题考查无韵诗的概念。无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的，这是在英国文学里非常普遍的。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 295页。 18 【正确答案】 interlanguage 【试题解析】 本题考查中介语。中介语就是介于目标语言和学习者的母语之间的一种语言系统。答案可参照语 言学教程 (修订版 )第 373页。 19 【正确答案】 mistake 【试题解析】 本题考查语用错误的相关概念。语用错误是指语法上正确但在特定的交际情境不得体的语言现象，语用错误一般发生在母语操持者的身上。答案可参照语言学教程
16、(修订版 )第 374页。 20 【正确答案】 (CD)Communicative Dynamism 【试题解析】 本题考查交际性动力 (CD)。在寻找结构和功能之间的关系的过程中，费尔巴斯逐渐形成了交际性动力的观点。这种观点的基础是，语言交际不是静态现象，而是动态现 象。交际力意味着衡量句子中成分所负载的信息量有多大。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 398页。 21 【正确答案】 options 【试题解析】 本题考查系统功能语法中的选项。一个系统就是一个选择。所以它们是语法能够辨别的意义。系统中的项目被称为选项。答案可参照语言学教程(修订版 )第 412页。 22 【正确答案】 IP
17、A 【试题解析】 本题考查现在的国际音标系统的提出人。现在的国际音标系统主要来自于英国语音学家丹尼尔 琼斯和他在伦敦大学的同事在 20世纪 20年代创造的系统。答案可参 照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 37页。 23 【正确答案】 function words 【试题解析】 本题考查功能词。词汇词承载了语言的主要内容，而语法词是用来把不同的片段连接在一起的，所以词汇词又叫做实义词，语法词又叫做功能词。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 80页。 24 【正确答案】 referential 【试题解析】 本题考查所指理论。把词语意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的理论叫做所指理论。答案可参照语言
18、学教程 (修订版 )第 160页。 25 【正确答案】 immediacy assumption 【试题解析】 本题考查即时假定。读者应该每遇到一个单词就马上展开所需过程来理解该单词及它与句中之前单词的关系，这叫做即时假定。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 205页。 三、名词解释 26 【正确答案】 Metalanguage refers to certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis anddescription of particular studies 【试题解析 】 本题考查元语言的概念。简单地说，就是
19、关于语言的语言 (封宗信， 2005)。元语言本身其实是就是一种语言，但这种语言很特殊，它被用来描述人类自然语言本身。因此，如果将语言视为客观存在的物体 (语言中的文化内涵可视为特定语言的个别属性 )，元语言便具有了双重属性：一方面它被语言学家用来进行对语言的描写；另一方面，元语言也是普通人指称和谈论语言的手段。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 173页。 27 【正确答案】 In linguistics， a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structurethat may be analyzed i
20、n phonological theory,i e a property which distinguishes one phoneme fromanother 【试题解析】 本题考查区别特征的概念。区别特征是语音结构中的最小单位，也是将一个音素与另一个区分开来的最小单位。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 66页。 28 【正确答案】 Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding， in which two words are blendedby joining the initial part of the first word
21、 and the final part of the second word， or by joining theinitial parts of the two words 【试题解析】 本题考查混成法的概念。混成法是一种相对复杂的混合形式，由两个单词混合而成，一般是把第一个单词的开头部 分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 97页。 29 【正确答案】 Concord， also known as agreement， is the requirement that the forms of two or moreword
22、s in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories 【试题解析】 本题考查 _致关系的概念。一致关系，又称为协同关系，指两个或更多处于一定语法关系中的词，要在某些范畴上互相保持一致的形式。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 97页。 30 【正确答案】 Propositional logic， concerned with the semantic relation between propositions， treats asimple proposition as a
23、n unanalyzed whole 【试题解析】 本题考查命题逻辑的概念。命题逻辑正如我们所见那样关注命 题之间的语义联系，它把简单命题作为一个不可分析的整体来对待。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 182页。 31 【正确答案】 A difference in a speech between men and women is gender difference 【试题解析】 本题考查性别差异的概念。女性与男性在讲话方面的差异被称为性别差异。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 235-240页。 32 【正确答案】 Performatives refer to utterances
24、in the uttering of which， in appropriate circumstances， one performs an action 【试题解析】 本题考查施为句的概念。施为句是用来实施某种行为的，说话本身就是在做一件事，因此无真假之别，只有是否合适之分。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 247页。 33 【正确答案】 Computer assisted language learning(call)， refers to the use of a computer in theteaching or learning of a second or foreign
25、language 【试题解析】 本题考查计算机辅助学习的概念。计算机辅助语言学习指的是将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第322页。 34 【正确答案】 Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure There arefour kinds of validity,i e content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity 【试题解析】 本题考查效度的概念。
26、效度是指在何种程度上考查了它想要考查的内容。举例来说，如果考试者很熟悉考试的题目，那么测试的效度就降低了。共有四种效度：内容效度、编制效度、实证效度和卷面效度。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 381页。 35 【正确答案】 Textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch ofspoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different f
27、roma random list of sentences 【试题解析】 本题考查语篇功能的概念。语篇功能是指语言中存在着一种机制将口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的语篇，这种机制使实际的言语区别于一系列随意的句子。答案可参 照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 420页。 四、举例说明题 36 【正确答案】 Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artif
28、icial intelligence etc. are also preoccupied with language. The interdisciplinary studies of language are also called macrolinguistics. They are sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics and computational linguistics. 1)Psycholinguistics Psycho
29、linguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. As for English teaching, psycholinguistic focus on how a child acquires first and second language. 2)Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the study of the characterist
30、ics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as the three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 3)Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship betw
31、een language and culture in a community, e.g. its traditions, beliefs, and family structure. Language study and anthropology became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork when anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages. 4)Computational ling
32、uistics Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language. Some current application areas include translating from one language to another(Machine Translation). 【试题解析】 本题考查宏观语言学的相关知识。语言学并不是与语言有关的唯一领域，另外一些学科，如心理语言学、社
33、会学、人种学、法学和人工智能等，都与语言有关联。其中， 心理语言学研究语言和意识的相互关系，如话语的处理和产生，以及语言习得等。心理语言学还研究儿童语言的发展，如语言习得理论、语言的生物学基础及语言和认知的关系等。 社会语言学是一个很大的术语，它覆盖了大量有关语言和社会的问题，包括语言的社会功能和语言使用者的社会特征。社会语言学研究语言多样性的特征、它们的功能特征和说话者的特征以及这三者在言语社团 中持续地交互作用和变化。 人类语言学家感兴趣的主要是早先无文字语言的历史和结构，他们关注语言的出现以及语言在千万年间的分化等。 计算机语言学是一个跨学科的领域，它以计算机处理和产生人类语言 (即自然
34、语言，与计算机语言相区别 )这一应用为中心。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 20-23页。 37 【正确答案】 Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. Since language is symbolic, each word serves as a symbol in relation to a specific meaning. In this sense, we need infinite numbers of words or symbols to
35、code the physical entities and our experiences, which will ultimately prove impossible and obstruct the smooth operation of communication. This problem can be solved by making the existing words multisemous, that is, to give a new concept to an old form, thus the meaning of a form is multiplied. The
36、re are three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. New words or expressions are created through the following processes.(1)Invention Since economic activities are the most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the consum
37、er items, their producers or their brand names, such as Kodak, Coke, nylon, Xeros Frigidaire, granola, and others to cope with the Invention of new entities. (2)Blending Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word
38、 and the final part of the second word , or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, transfer+resister transistor; smoke+fog smog. Blending can also occur at a high cognitive level. From the similarity in the two expressions She was on the verge of a crackup and she was on the ver
39、ge of breakdown, the confusion of crack up and break down leads to the coining of crackdown. The same is true of riffle(ripple+shuffle), and rampacious(rampageous+rapacious). This sort of blending is labeled specially as fusion. (3)Abbreviation A great number of English words have undergone the proc
40、ess of abbreviation in their etymological history. It is also called clipping, that is, a new word(as shown in the left column below)is created by cutting the final part(or with a slight variation)(Eg. advertisementad), or cutting the initial part(E.g. aeroplaneplane), or Cutting both the initial an
41、d final parts accordingly(E.G. influenzaflu). Abbreviation is also popular in educational domain, such as chem for chemistry, e.g. ram for examination, gym for gymnasium, lab for laboratory, math for mathematics, etc. (4)Acronym Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organizatio
42、n, which has a heavily modified headword. CIA, WTO, WHO, FBI are the examples. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields. For example, Aidsacquired immune deficiency syndrome; Radarradio detecting and ranging; M
43、ANIACmathema tical analyzer numerical integrator and computer; COBOLcommon business oriented language; WASPwhite Anglo -Saxon protestant; VATvalue added tax. (5)Back-formation Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix fr
44、om a longer form already in the language. Take televise for example, the word television predated the occurrence of the word televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. For example, enthusia
45、smenthuse; ganglinggangle; editoredit; peddlerpeddle; hawkerhawk; laserlase; calmativecalm. (6)Analogical creation The principle of Analogical creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation of some English verbs. For instance, people know quite well
46、 that the past tense suffix for English verb should beed, and they tend to apply it to all verbs. As a result, we have both the old forms and the new forms for many English verbs. For example: workwrought/ worked; beseechbesought/ beseeched; slayslew/ slayed. (7)Borrowing English in its development
47、has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages. Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages have all played an active role in this process. Throughout its history, the English language has adopted a vast number of words from various sources. For example: Gr
48、eek: flokati, epilepsy; Latin: cancer, tumor; French: mortgage, entail; Spanish: junta, macho; Italian: autostrada, cica; German: rankfurther, hamburger; Chinese: taji, tea; Japanese: Jodo. 【试题解析】 本题考查词汇变化的相关内容。新的单词或词语通过新创、混成、缩写、缩略、逆构、类推以及借词等方法产生。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 97-102页。 38 【正确答案】 Language is a m
49、irror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Chomsky, Reflections on Language, 1975)The study of “language and mind“ aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researche
