1、2008年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、填空题 1 Consonants articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are more conveniently described in terms of place and_of articulation. 2 The_is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically al
2、tering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. 3 The brance of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_. 4 An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is_. 5 When language is used for establishing a
3、n atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is_function. 二、判断题 6 The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme. （ A） True （ B） False 7 After comparing “They stopped at the end of the co
4、rridor.“ with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped.“ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of thematic meaning. （ A） True （ B） False 8 The words “boys“ and “raise“ have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. （ A） True （ B） False 9 Speec
5、h act theory was proposed by G. Leech. （ A） True （ B） False 10 Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. （ A） True （ B） False 三、简答题 11 Analyse the phrase more beautiful flowers by means of IC. 12 Tell whether each of the underlined part is endocentric or exocentric. a. a bridge da
6、maged beyond repair b. the matter open to argument 13 Give the phonetic term according to the following description: the sound made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth. 14 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Cooperative Principle: A: Have you taken that course?
7、B: No. Ive taken another one because I think I need more time to enjoy myself. 15 Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair: 1)a. John visited Beijing. b. John visited China. 2)a. Mary is more sensitive than Jane. b. Jane is less sensitive than Mary. 16 Classify the following pairs of ant
8、onyms. innocent guilty parent child hospitable unfriendly true false 17 Point out the commonness shared by the two soundstandn. 18 Explain the notion of hyponym. 19 How do you understand the dichotomy between competence and performance postulated by Chomsky? 20 What is conceptual meaning? Try to dis
9、tinguish it from any other types of meaning classfied by Leech. 21 What is phonology? And what is a phoneme? 22 How do you understand “discreteness“, a design feature of language? 23 How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication“ represent the function of human language? 2008年北京第二外国语学院英语专业
10、（语言学）真题 试卷答案与解析 一、填空题 1 【正确答案】 manner 【试题解析】 考查辅音发音时的决定因素：发音器官的位置和发声方式。 2 【正确答案】 morpheme 【试题解析】 考查词素的定义。 3 【正确答案】 syntax 【试题解析】 考查句法学的定义。 4 【正确答案】 prescriptive approach 【试题解析】 考查语言中重要区分中的一对即规定性和描述性，本题主要考查规定性的定义。 5 【正确答案】 phatic communion 【试题解析】 考查交感性谈话的定义。 二、判断题 6 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查对音位、音位变体和互补性分布
11、的理解。比如音位 /p/是爆破音，在不同的单词中如在 speak和 peak后就有送气和不送气的区别，虽然同属一个音位，但却被视为受不同位置条件制约的不同语音，他们总是不会同时存在的，即存在于互补性分布之中。 7 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查 Leech所提出的主题意义。主题意义是指通过组织信息的方式 (语序、强调手段 )所传递的意义。 8 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查音位和词素的含义。音位是语音系统中能通过语素区别意义的最小语音单位。词素是构词中不可再分的最小单位。 boys和 raise有相同的音位 z，但是他们构成的词素不同。在 boys中， z是表示复数含义的曲
12、折词缀，而在 raise中只是一个普通的构成单词的词素。 9 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 言语行为理论是由 Jane Austin提出的，主要研究三种行为：locutionary act言内行为； illocutionary act言外形为和 perlocutionary act言后行为。 10 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查的是实词。实词，是指有实在意义，在句子中能独立承担句子成分，而且有词形的变化，英语中的实词包括名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。与之相对应，英语中还有虚词，是指没有多少实在意义，在句子中不能独立承担句子成分，且没有词形变化的词，即冠词、介词、连词和感叹词
13、。 三、简答题 11 【正确答案】 NP(AP(more beautiful)flowers)In this way, “more beautiful“ is used to modify “flowers“. NP(moreNP(beautiful flowers)In this way, “more“ is used to modify “flowers“. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是用直接成分分析法 (immediate constituent analysis)来对有歧义的短语进行分析，以清晰展现短语的内部结构。常见的直接成分分析的图示方法有圆括号法和树形图法。直接成分分析法能够解释一
14、部分歧义结构，但对一部分比较复杂的歧义结构，如短语动词和系动词提前等，直接成分分析法 就无能为力了。 12 【正确答案】 a. endocentric V-phrase with the head damaged b. endocentric N-phrase with the head matter 【试题解析】 本题主要考查向心结构和离心结构。向心结构包含一个可以作为整个结构的中心或者核心的成分，该成分可以位于最后，也可以位于开头，一般为名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语；离心结构则没有明显的核心成分，主要有简单句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。 13 【正确答案】 The sound mad
15、e with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth: dental, examples are, . 【试题解析】 本题考查的是齿音 (dental)的定义：是指有舌尖或者舌叶抵住上切齿而发出的辅音，有时也被称作齿间音 (interdental)。 14 【正确答案】 In this dialogue, B has violated the Maxim of Quantity since that Bs answer is more informative. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是 Grice的 Cooperative Princ
16、iple和其四个原则 (数量、质量、关联、方式 )以及对合作原则违背所可能产生的会话含义。 15 【正确答案】 1)Entailment: sentence a entails b. 2)Synonymy: sentence a is synonymous with sentence b. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是句子之间的关系。蕴涵关系为： A蕴涵 B，当且仅当： A真 B必真， A假 B可真 可假， B假 A必假。同义关系为： A真， B亦真； A假， B亦假。 16 【正确答案】 innocent-guilty(complementary antonyms)hospitable-unf
17、riendly(gradable antonyms)parent-child(converse antonyms)true-false(complementary antonyms) 【试题解析】 本题考查的是反义词的类型。反义词主要有三种主要类型：渐次反义 (gradableantonymy)、互补反义 (complementary antonymy)和相反反义 (converse antonymy)。渐次反义是指成对词中的成分词在程度上存在着差异，一般更高程度的那个词可以充当涵盖词。互补反义是指构成词对的两个词是完全排斥、完全否定的，对一个的肯定意味着对另外一个的否定，反之亦然。构成相反反
18、义的词对意味着两个实体之问关系的颠倒。 17 【正确答案】 /t/and /n/ are both consonants and alveolar ones that is to say, they are made with tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge. /t/is an alveolar stop, while /n/ is an alveolar nasal. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是辅音的发音位置和发音方式。题干中的两个辅音都是齿龈音，不同之处在于 t是闭塞音，而 n是鼻音。 18 【正确答案】 Hyponymy is a m
19、atter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and the lower terms, the members, hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. These members of the same class are co-hyponyms. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是下义词的含义。 19 【正确答案】 The fundamental di
20、stinction between competence and performance is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations(Chomsky, 165:3
21、). According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user. Chomsky points out that this distinction is related to the langue parole distinction of Saussure; but he does not accept the view o
22、f seeing langue as a mere systematic inventory of items. For him, competence is closer to the famous German linguist Humboldts conception, that is, it should refer to the underlying competence as a system of generative processes. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是语言学中的重要区分之一，即乔姆斯基提出的语言能力与语言运用的区分。语言使用者关于规则系统的基础性知识被称为其语言能
23、力。而语言运用是指具体操作情景中的语言实际运用。 (具体参见语言学教程(修订版 )， 2001： 25-26) 20 【正确答案】 Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics(p. 23), first published in 1974, as follows: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning.
24、 Leech says that the first type of meaning conceptual meaning makes up the central part. It is denotative in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. In
25、 Leechs system, connotative meaning refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning rather than that shown in philosophy. This connotative meaning as well as other four meanings is collectively known as associative meaning. The last type, thematic meaning is only determined by the order of the
26、 words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive. 【试题解析】 立奇在其首次于 1974年出版的语义学中以更为中和的语气识别了七种意义类型，它关注的是词与词所表示或所指称的事物之间的关系。他所提出的意义类型如下：概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反射意义、搭配意义和主题意义。 (具体参见语言学教程 (修订版 )， 2001： 159一 160) 21 【正确答案】 Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, an
27、d sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds of human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way
28、 sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a. difference in meaning. Phoneme simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast“: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic statu
29、s to the sounds responsible for the contrasts. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是音系学和音位的定义。音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统的选择语音的方法。音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体 ，具有区别意义的作用。 (具体参见语言学教程 (修订版 )，2001： 18， 54， 57) 22 【正确答案】 Charles F. Hockett developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics. He represents the post-B
30、loomfieldian phase of structuralism often referred to as “distributionalism“ or “taxonomic structuralism“. According to his opinion on language discreteness, each basic unit of speech can be categorized and is distinct from other categories. In human language there are only a small set of sound rang
31、es that are used and the differences between these bits of sound are absolute. In contrast, the waggle dance of honeybees is continuous. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的本质特征之离散性 (discreteness)。 Charles F Hockett提出了总结了语言的 13个本质特征。语言的离散性指，在语言的全部基本单位 (如音位，词素等 )里，这些基本单位是可以划归某一范畴的，而这一范畴与其他的范畴之间的界限又是明晰的。 23 【正确答案】 Linguist
32、s talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense, that is, not in the terms of using language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet people, etc. Different linguists have different ways to emphasize on the importance of language. For example, for Jakobson, languag
33、e is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. They summarize these practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language like the following: Informative function: language serves for the expression of content: that is, of the speakers experience o
34、f the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness. Interpersonal function: people use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. Performative function: to change the social status of persons. Emotive function: to change the emotional status of an audience for or
35、 against someone or something. Phatic communion: expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations. Recreational function: to create sheer joy. Metalingual function: to use language to talk about language itself. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的交际功能。在雅各布逊看来，语言就如其他任何符号系统一样，主要用于交际。韩礼德提出了语言的元功能理论。根据其早期的观点，语言具有七种功能，即：信息功能、人际功能、行事功能、表情功能、寒暄交谈、娱乐功能和元语言功能。 (具体参见语言学教程 (修订版 )， 2001： 10-16)
