1、考研英语模拟试卷 23及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Starting with his review of Skinners Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an i
2、nnate(天生的 ) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1)_ instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2)_. This lin
3、guistic approach (3)_ the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se(本 身 ), but (4)_ rules that enable a speaker to (5)_ an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6)_ single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a
4、one-to-one (7)_ with the particular thing signified, but (8)_ all members of a general class. This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9)_ into existing psychological frameworks and (10)_ a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Ch
5、omsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles “intrinsic(原有的 ) to the mind“ that provide invariant structures (11)_ perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12)_ all of these processes; thus its study (13)_ our theories of knowledge in general.
6、Basic to this model of language is the notion that a childs learning of language is a kind of theory (14)_. Its thought to be accomplished (15)_ explicit instruction, (16)_ of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17)_ or motor achievements, and with relatively
7、 little reliable data to go on. (18)_, the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19)_ power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20)_ it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properti
8、es of languages. （ A） special （ B） specific （ C） definite （ D） explicit （ A） region （ B） district （ C） vicinity （ D） community （ A） attacks （ B） assaults （ C） charges （ D） accuses （ A） transformational （ B） institutional （ C） systematic （ D） constitutional （ A） originate （ B） initiate （ C） launch （
9、D） generate （ A） Yet （ B） Even （ C） Still （ D） Likewise （ A） consistence （ B） conformity （ C） correspondence （ D） agreement （ A） symbolize （ B） embody （ C） depict （ D） represent （ A） combined （ B） integrated （ C） blended （ D） mixed （ A） meets （ B） presents （ C） offers （ D） makes （ A） underlining （ B
10、） highlighting （ C） marking （ D） underlying （ A） deals （ B） covers （ C） involves （ D） engages （ A） tunes into （ B） sheds light on （ C） leaves behind （ D） sets forth （ A） fabrication （ B） erection （ C） creation （ D） construction （ A） with （ B） under （ C） by （ D） without （ A） irrespective （ B） indepen
11、dent （ C） regardless （ D） implausible （ A） intellectual （ B） intelligent （ C） intelligible （ D） intellect （ A） Nevertheless （ B） Furthermore （ C） Though （ D） Accordingly （ A） instinctive （ B） addictive （ C） tentative （ D） predictive （ A） had （ B） should （ C） were （ D） be Part A Directions: Read the
12、following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The news from Americas housing market is getting no better. As sales declines and defaults and foreclosures climb, pessimists fear that over a million Americans could be driven out of their homes as a
13、djustable-rate mortgages are reset. What should policymakers do? Congress is eager to do more: hence the calls to expand the role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant government-sponsored enterprises (GSES) that tower over Americas mortgage market. Fannies and Freddies political allies want two
14、things. The first is the raising of the $417,000 limit on the size of loans that the pair may handle. The second demand is the lifting of caps on the amount of mortgages they may buy and hold for themselves. Fannie and Freddie could then ride to the rescue of struggling borrowers, injecting liquidit
15、y into parts of the market that have seized up. Their arguments are winning support, and opposition from the Bush administration and the GSES regulator is softening. Unfortunately, the ideas are likely to do more for Fannie and Freddie than for the mortgage market. Start with the $417,000 limit. Lif
16、ting this could help if Fannie and Freddie scoured the upper bracket for borrowers who were struggling but viable. But their history suggests that they would cherry-pick those who could get refinanced elsewhere. And the huge-mortgage market may be correcting itself anyway: spreads over GSE-backed lo
17、ans, though still unusually high, are falling. It is also riskier. When they hold a mortgage, they take on not only credit risk but also interest-rate and prepayment risk. The loans they guarantee, in contrast, carry only credit risk. So as well as being just as effective, the guarantee business is
18、also safer and thus better for the taxpayer who unwittingly stands behind the GSES. Moreover, even if they grow no more, the mortgage giants pose a clear systemic threat. Their portfolios of retained mortgages and mortgage-backed securities add up to no less than $1.4 trillion. It is bad enough that
19、 this is concentrated in two institutions. No matter how much risk they take or how they manage it, they can borrow at rock-bottom interest rates. If they got into trouble, banks as well as taxpayers would be on the hook. Banks may hold as much GSE debt as they want. Many have amounts that exceed th
20、eir regulatory capital. The giants were set up decades ago to help banks pool concentrated regional mortgage risk and to make housing more affordable. But as the market has grown deeper and more sophisticated, history has left them behind hence their desire to get into any bit of the business that w
21、ill turn a profit. The eventual aim should be to turn them into normal private-sector companies, by stripping them of the charters that give rise to the implicit government guarantees, and break them into smaller pieces. 21 According to the text, policy makers solve the problems in the housing marke
22、t in the US by _ （ A） Driving millions of people out of their houses. （ B） Calling on the expansion of GSES roles. （ C） Planning to stop resetting adjustable-interest mortgage. （ D） Doing nothing. 22 What can be inferred about the Fannie and Freddie from Paragraph 2 and 3? （ A） They are companies of
23、 normal size for mortgage and loan. （ B） They are companies supported by the government. （ C） They are companies functioning as banks. （ D） They are companies that have no help to the housing market. 23 If the giant GSES collapse, the most possible result would be _ （ A） Borrowers can get their mort
24、gage back. （ B） Banks may face a debt which they cannot afford. （ C） Taxpayers would have to borrow money at rock-bottom interest rates. （ D） The housing market will become deeper and more sophisticated. 24 According to the author, the proposal of the Congress most probably _ （ A） break the giants i
25、nto small pieces in case of safety. （ B） endow more power to the two giants for their development. （ C） rescue those who cannot pay back their loan in the housing market. （ D） promote the development of the part of market that has been seized up. 25 Which of the following is unlikely to be the risk
26、that the two giants are facing? （ A） They were established for historical purposes which no longer fit the situation. （ B） The sizes of them are too big to handle. （ C） The development of housing market is fast and profound: （ D） They are sponsored by the government and money from taxpayers. 26 Thos
27、e of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomorrows deadline will probably be subjected to thoughts of the I.R.S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an all-powerful bully. But the truth is, the government is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of taxes will go unpaid at the
28、top of the income scale. Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers do an obvious disadvantage for the government agencies in attracting and retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and sometimes inexperienced, s
29、o that they leave loopholes that are exploited by more experienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it should win, and provides private lawyers with precedents. As this vicious cycle shows, skimping(节约 ) on tax administration is a false economy. Instead, if we substantial
30、ly increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms should be adopted immediately. First, the government should focus on hiring talented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the private sector is narrower for them.
31、These efforts will be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device. Second, the government should tap another promising talent pool recent retirees from private practice to mento
32、r young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax system can be quite appealing. Third, the government should retain a small team of a dozen top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. They can serve as a rapid reaction force, de
33、ciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy immediately or to let it be evaluated through usual government channels. Fourth, the government should retain private lawyers to help with high-priority projects. An important constraint is that lawyers who represent private clients may view it a
34、s a conflict to help the government. But this is not always true. Through bar associations, private lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Tax academics can also be a valuable and conflict-free source of expertise, since they ordinarily do
35、 not represent clients. And some tax litigators(诉讼律师 ) may view it as a prestigious opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent. The tax system can be only as strong as the people who run it, so the government has to recruit and
36、 retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fair and efficient only when it is administered soundly. 26 The text suggests that the wealthy people in the U.S. _ （ A） Seldom pay their taxes. （ B） Always hurry to finish their taxes by the deadline. （ C） Employ advisors m avoid tax payments.
37、（ D） Enjoy the same tax rate as people with ordinary income. 27 The word “disparity“ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means _ （ A） equity. （ B） gap. （ C） quantity. （ D） accord. 28 Private lawyers can easily exploit advantages in current tax system mainly because _ （ A） they earn more than the law
38、yers working for the government. （ B） they are more experienced and talented. （ C） the tax system only suits the poor. （ D） they want successful precedents to improve their career. 29 Which of the following is true of the text? （ A） The U.S. government revenue agencies always bully taxpayers. （ B） T
39、he salary gap between senior government lawyers and private lawyers is smaller. （ C） Private lawyers are unwilling to help the government make countermeasures against themselves. （ D） Reforms in tax administration can help reduce waste and tax rate, and collect more revenue. 30 According to the text
40、, the most important factor to perfect tax system is to _ （ A） improve tax administration. （ B） lower the income of private lawyers. （ C） ask people to pay tax through moral methods. （ D） change the current tax rate. 31 Even before canaries(特高 频噪声 ) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to t
41、he presence of poisonous gas, birds were giving us early warning calls signaling the Earths deteriorating environmental health. Global bird populations have shrunk by up to 25% since preagricultural(农 业社会前的 ) times. Over the past 300 years, farmland has expanded from six percent of the Earths surfac
42、e to nearly 33%. Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests as their principal habitat; each year, however, some 13,000,000 hectares of forests are destroyed, an area the size of Greece. Nearly half the woodlands lost are relatively undisturbed primary forests that are home t
43、o a number of sensitive birds and other creatures. Direct exploitation, including hunting for food and capture for the pet trade, is the second greatest danger after habitat loss, while next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species. As people travel to all parts of the glo
44、be, so too do the pests and pets that prey on, out-compete, or alter the habitat of native wildlife. Pollution poses an additional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species. In addition to direct poisoning from fertilizer and pesticide applications, runoff of chemicals contaminates the wetl
45、ands that migrating waterfowl rely on. Persistent organic pollutants accumulate in the food chain and can lead to deformities, reproductive failure, and disease in birds. Worldwide, one-third of plant and animal species could become extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change, a relatively new thr
46、eat. Global temperature spikes have brought severe alterations to the migration, breeding, and habitat ranges of some birds. In addition to these looming dangers, seven percent of threatened bird species are at risk from incidental mortality. A rapid decline in seabird populations over the last 15 y
47、ears corresponds with the growth in commercial longline fisheries. In Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, electrocution on power lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors. Moreover, countless birds die each year from collisions with windows, the number-one cause of U.S. avian mortality. If birds
48、disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide. Preventing the extinction of additional bird populations depends largely on protecting the worlds remaining wild spaces and preserving the health of our natural and altered ecosystems. Reports that the ivory-billed woodpecker, long th
49、ought to be extinct, is still with us thrilled bird watchers and others, but this sort of second chance seldom occurs in nature. Even with continued habitat protection, once wildlife populations drop dramatically, a rebound is far from guaranteed. Without stabilizing climate and human numbers, putting fences around all the parks in the world will not lie enough to protect threatened species. 31 Which of the following statement has nothing to do with the d
