1、Designation: C 654 05aStandard Specification forPorous Concrete Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 654; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers porous nonreinforced concretepipe for use in underdra
3、ins.1.2 A complete metric companion to this specification hasbeen developed 654M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Conc
4、rete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 822 Terminology Relating to Con
5、crete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe of two classes identifie
6、d as “Standard-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe” and “Extra-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe.”5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by theresults of the strength and porosity or rate of infiltration tests,and by inspection to determine whethe
7、r the pipe conforms tothis specification as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 The pipe shall be acceptable under the strength testswhen they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section10.5.3 Acceptance as to Infiltration PropertiesPipe shall beacceptable under the infiltration test when
8、all test pipe conformto the test requirements as prescribed in Section 10.6. Materials6.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials and water.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portla
9、ndblast-furnace slag cement, or slag-modified portland cement, orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C 595, except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portlandpozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecifi
10、cation C 618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the
11、 following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace sl
12、ag, or6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not toexceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight) and groundgranulated blast furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the dir
13、ect responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain, and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 654 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
14、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.
15、3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallonly be used with the approval of the owner.6.5 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers are not prohibited i
16、n concrete pipe as a nonstructuralmanufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers de-signed and manufactured specifically for use in concrete andconforming to the requirements of Specification C 1116 shallbe accepted.7. Design7.1 Design TablesDesign requirements shall be in accor-dance with T
17、able 1 and Table 2 and Fig. 1. Wall thickness usedshall be not less than the value shown, except as affected by thetolerance herein specified.8. Joints8.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of theconcrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laidtogether to make a continuous lin
18、e of pipe compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section 7.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, propor-tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will co
19、nform to the testand design requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of themethods of curing described in 9.2.1 through 9.2.3,ortoanyother method or combination of methods approved by theowner that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall becured for a su
20、fficient length of time so that the concrete willdevelop the specified strength requirement at 28 days or less.9.2.1 Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curingchamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moistatmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such timeand at such temperature
21、 as needed to enable the pipe to meetthe strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be con-structed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entirepipe.9.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water-cured bycovering with water-saturated material or by a system ofperforated pipes, mechan
22、ical sprinklers, porous hose, or by anyother approved method that will keep the pipe moist during thespecified curing period.9.2.3 The manufacturer has the option to combine themethods described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specifiedstrength is attained.9.3 Specials:9.3.1 General RequirementsSpec
23、ial shapes or fittingssuch as wyes, tees, bends, and adapters for use with concretepipe conforming to this specification shall be made of porousor nonporous concrete in such manner as will provide strengthat least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they arejoined; and shall conform to
24、all other requirements specifiedfor pipe of corresponding class and internal diameter, exceptminimum infiltration. Joints shall be the same type as used inthe adjoining pipe.9.3.2 Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes andtees shall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shallbe flush w
25、ith the inside surface of the pipe.10. Physical Requirements Physical Requirements10.1 Test SpecimenThe specified number of pipe requiredfor the test shall be furnished by the manufacturer and shall beselected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that wouldnot otherwise be rejected under this s
26、pecification. The selectionshall be made at the point or points designated by the ownerwhen placing the order. The test pipe shall first be freed fromall visible moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured andinspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded.10.2 Number and Type of
27、Test SpecimensThe manufac-turer shall furnish pipe for crushing tests, up to 0.5 % of thenumber of pipe of each size included in the order, except thatin no case shall less than two pipes be furnished.10.3 External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushingstrength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe
28、shall conformto the requirements prescribed in Table 1 and Table 2. Theindividual results of the various tests for each size of pipe andfor each shipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. Thecrushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than75 % of the pipe received for purpose of
29、 test. All tests shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C 497. Pipe shall beacceptable when all test pipe conform to the specified strengthrequirement. Should any of the test pipe provided in 10.2 failto meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will beallowed to test two pipe for each p
30、ipe that failed, and the pipeTABLE 1 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimumAWall Thickness,TMinimum Laying LengthAMinimum Socket Depth,LsMinimum Strength Three-Edge-BearingMinimum Infiltrationin. in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft4 1 24 1 1000 46
31、 1 24 1 1100 68114 24 114 1300 810 118 24 118 1400 1012 112 24 112 1500 1215 134 24 134 1750 1518 2 24 2 2000 1821 214 24 214 2200 2124 212 24 212 2400 24ANormally the minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shal
32、l be acceptable.C 654 05a2shall be acceptable only when all of these additional test pipemeet the strength requirement.10.4 Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity)shall conform to the requirements in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.1 The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end downon a soft r
33、ubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, andweighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escapeof water through the spigot end of the pipe.10.4.2 Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and thedistance above the bottom of the porous section at which thewater level becomes constant shall b
34、e determined. The rate offlow shall be at least equal to the required minimum infiltrationfor 1 ft of pipe as given in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.3 The rate of infiltration per foot of pipe shall bedetermined as follows:GPM 5 g/hwhere:GPM = infiltration rate in gallons per minute per foot ofpipe,g = ga
35、llons per minute of flow introduced into the testpipe, andh = height in feet from the bottom of the porous sectionof the pipe at which the level of water becomesconstant.10.5 Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish allequipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at hisplant the tes
36、ts specified in Section 10. In the event that theowner elects to have tests performed at any other location, themanufacturer will not be required to furnish equipment, facili-ties, nor personnel.11. Permissible Variations11.1 Size and DimensionsPipe shall be furnished in thesizes, internal diameters
37、, and dimensions prescribed in Table 1,Table 2, and Table 3 and Fig. 1.11.2 Permissible variations from the dimensions describedin Table 1 and Table 2 shall not exceed those stated in Table 3.This is not to be construed, however, that heavier wallthickness pipe cannot be furnished at the option of t
38、hemanufacturer. Pipe intended to be straight shall not havevariation in alignment of more than18 in./ft of length.12. Repairs12.1 Pipe repaired because of imperfections in manufactureor damage during handling will be acceptable, if in the opinionof the owner, the repaired pipe conforms to the requir
39、ements ofthis specification.13. Inspection13.1 The quality of all materials, in the process of manu-facture, and the finished pipe shall be subject to the inspectionand approval by the owner. Such inspection shall be performedeither at the point of manufacture or delivery.14. Rejection14.1 Pipe shal
40、l be subject to rejection on account of failureto conform to any of the specification requirements. It is notprohibited for individual sections of pipe to be rejected becauseof any of the following:14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall or joints,except that a single crack not exceeding
41、 2 in. in length at eitherTABLE 2 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimum WallThickness, TMinimum LayingLengthAMinimum SocketDepth, LsMinimum StrengthThree-Edge-BearingMinimumInfiltrationin. in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft8112 24
42、 112 2600 810 158 24 158 2800 1012 2 24 2 3000 1215 214 24 214 3200 1518 212 24 212 3200 18ANormally the minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable.NoteSee Table 1 and Table 2 for values of D, T,
43、and Ls.FIG. 1 Joint DimensionsC 654 05a3end of a pipe or a single fracture in the joints not exceeding 3in. in width nor more than 2 in. in length shall not beconsidered cause for rejection unless these defects exist inmore than 5 % of the entire shipment or delivery.14.1.2 The planes of the ends of
44、 the pipe are not perpen-dicular to the longitudinal axis, subject to the limits of variationas shown in Table 3.14.1.3 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not inaccordance with 9.1.14.1.4 Cracks sufficient to impair the strength, durability, orserviceability of the pipe.15. Marking15.1 The let
45、ters “ES” shall be legibly stamped with water-proof ink, or other permanent matter, on all extra-strengthporous concrete pipe.16. Keywords16.1 concrete pipe; nonreinforced; porous; underdrainsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wit
46、h any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible techn
47、ical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerati
48、on at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
49、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Porous Concrete PipeLimits of Permissible VariationInternal DesignatedDiameter,InternalDiameter,ALength, TwoOpposite SidesWall Thickness,AcLength, Depth of Socket,Ain. in. in. in.
