1、Designation: C655 12a C655 12bStandard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinf
3、orced concrete pipe designed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for the conveyanceof sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C655 has been developedSpecification C655M; therefore, no metricequivalents
4、are presented in this specification.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequa
5、te inspection at the constructionsite. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and the strength designation ofpipe, or durability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the projec
6、t specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA106
7、4/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC61
8、8 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and ShotcreteE105 Practice for P
9、robability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pip
10、e design has been accepted previously in accordance with Section 9, the owner may select and have appliedthe basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or 4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or before placing an order,either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.1 This specific
11、ation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on Reinforced Sewerand Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2012Dec. 1, 2012. Published October 2012 December 2012. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edi
12、tion approved in 2012 asC655 121.C655 12a. DOI: 10.1520/C0655-12A.10.1520/C0655-12B.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
13、 page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends th
14、at users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.1 Acceptance on th
15、e Basis of Pipe Load and Material Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDeterminein accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance see Practice E105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression and Materials Tes
16、ts and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8 and 11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information
17、 regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2 Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f c equals 4000 psi.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type o
18、f reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, diameter, spacing and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and specialreinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Rei
19、nforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland c
20、ement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of Specification C595, except that thepozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the require
21、ments of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 ofSpecification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the cementsha
22、ll be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified Portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(6) A combination of portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag,(7)
23、A combination of portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitious weight), slag, and fly ash, or(8) A combination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shal
24、l conform to the requirements of Specification C33, except that the requirement for gradationshall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shall be allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Specifi
25、cation A1064/A1064M, or barsconforming to Specification A36/A36M, Specification A615/A615M Grade 40 or 60, or Specification A706/A706M Grade 60. Forhelically wound cages only, weld shear tests are not required.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixe
26、d with such proportions of cementitious materialsand water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight.Cem
27、entitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 lb/yd3 unlessmix designs with a lower cementitious material content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the pipe meet therequirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement
28、:C655 12b26.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indicated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2. Minimumdesign protective cover of concrete over the circumferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe shall be 1 in. for wallthicknesses of 212 in. or greater, and 34 in.
29、 for wall thicknesses less than 212 in., subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not be adversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacent rings of circumferential reinforcement in a cage shall not exceed 4in. for p
30、ipe with a wall thickness up to and including 4 in. and shall not exceed the wall thickness or 6 in., whichever is smaller,for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections arelaid together they will make a cont
31、inuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flow line, allcompatible with the permissible variations given in Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the purposeof handling.6
32、.3 Synthetic Fibers Collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option,in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specificallyfor use in concrete and conforming to the req
33、uirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipe shall be the D-load to produce the 0.01-in. crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C497. The relationship of ultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-
34、load shall be determinedusing a factor of 1.5 for design strength designations up to 2000 lbf/ftft of diameter, a factor varying in linear proportions from1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designations from 2000 through 3000, and a factor of 1.25 for design strength designations in excessof 3000.NOTE
35、3As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended as an indicationof overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soi
36、l bedding factors and varying failure modes and shallnot necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shall furnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out
37、 the tests required by this specification.7.3 Pipe Load Tests The tests for crushing strength, when required, shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497.When alternative methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions a
38、nd Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in the standard inside diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameters larger than 144 in. are possibly available. When such sizes are required, the ownershould contact the manufactu
39、rers in the area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section, all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Internal DiameterThe internal diameter of 12 through 24-in. pipe shall not vary more than 2 % of the design diameterfor 12-in. pipe and 112 % for 24-in. pipe
40、 with intermediate size variation being a linear scale between 2 and 112 %. The internaldiameter of sizes 27-in. and larger shall not vary by more than 1 % of the design diameter or 638-in., whichever is greater. Thesediameter requirements are based on the average of four diameter measurements at a
41、distance of 12-in. from the end of the bell orspigot of the pipe. Diameter verification shall be made on the number of pipe selected for test per Section 11.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness
42、or 658 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcement exceedingthose specified above shall be accepted if the three-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a representative sample aremet. In no case, however, shall the cover over the circumferential rei
43、nforcement be less than 58 in.8.2.3 Length of Two Opposite SidesVariations in the laying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be more than 14 in.for all sizes through 24-in. internal diameter, and not more than 18 in./ft of internal diameter for all larger sizes, with a maximumof 58 in. in
44、 any pipe through 84-in. internal diameter, and a maximum of 34 in. for 90-in. internal diameter or larger, except wherebeveled-end pipe for laying on curves is specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeThe underrun in length of a section of pipe shall not be more than 18 in./ft with a maximum of 1
45、2 in. inany length of pipe.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, in.12 24 36 60 84 108 13215 27 42 66 90 114 13818 30 48 72 96 120 14421 33 54 78 102 126C655 12b38.2.5 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shall be not less than the nominal specified in the design given in 5.1.3by more
46、than 5 % or 316 in., whichever is greater. A wall thickness more than that required in the design is not a cause for rejection,except that such pipe shall not be used for the tests required in 7.3.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five representative specimens, or s
47、pecial test pipe that are shorter than standardproduction pipe, as agreed upon by the owner and manufacturer, shall be tested to the 0.01-in. crack and to ultimate strength andthe results recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate strength.9.1.1 Comp
48、ute the estimated standard deviation, s, by Eq 1 or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5=(X i 2X! 2#/n 21! (1)s 5=(Xi22(Xi!2/n#/n 21! (2)where:Xi = observed value of the load to produce the 0.01-in. crack (and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X = average (arithmetic mean) of th
49、e values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs, by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L, whichever is greater.Xs 5L11.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (specified D-load).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmetic mean X for the 0.01-in. crack and ultimate strength is equal to orgreater than the computed values of Xs, and if all the tested specimens m
