1、Designation: C 704/C 704M 09Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at RoomTemperature1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 704/C 704M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of relativeabrasion resistance of refractory brick at room tempera
3、ture.This test method can also be applied to castable refractories(see Metric Dimensions, Practice C 861 and Practice C 865)and plastic refractories (see Practice C 1054).1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in
4、each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refract
6、ory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change ofRefractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensC 861 Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Stan-dard Series Refractory Brick and ShapesC 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-mens by CastingC
7、 865 Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensC 1036 Specification for Flat GlassC 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand Ramming Mix Specimens2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Abrasion Tester (1 dwg)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method measures the volume of material incubic
8、centimetres abraded from a flat surface at a right angle toa nozzle through which 1000 g of size-graded silicon carbidegrain is blasted by air at 448 kPa 65 psi.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resis-tance of various refractory samples under standard conditi
9、onsat room temperature.4.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material providesan indication of its suitability for service in abrasion or erosiveenvironments.4.3 The results obtained by this test method could bedifferent than those obtained in service because of the differentconditions encount
10、ered.5. Interferences (Factors known to Affect Results)5.1 During development, a ruggedness test was performedusing 114 by 114 by 12.7 mm 412 by 412 by12 in. float glassplates conforming to Specification C 1036. Several factorswere found to cause statistically significant effects on measuredresults.
11、45.1.1 Nozzle Tube Inside Diametervariation in the insidediameter of the flint glass nozzle tube statistically affected theabrasion values obtained on the glass plate. Ideal glass tubeinside diameter is 4.8 mm. Glass tube lots purchased as 7 mmoutside diameter tube with a nominal 1.1 mm wall thickne
12、sscan have inside diameters ranging from 4.6 mm to 5.0 mm. Forthe ruggedness test, flint glass tube inside diameters of 4.7 mmand 4.9 mm were used. The statistically significant effect ofthis small tube inside diameter variation must be taken intoconsideration and all nozzle tube should be individua
13、llymeasured and chosen to conform to a specified 4.8 mm insidediameter.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Original
14、lyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 704 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
15、M website.3Detailed prints for the construction of the test chamber are available at anominal cost from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJC0704. An acceptable test chamber can be made from a weatherproof electricalswitch box.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International H
16、eadquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C081019 .1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.2 Air Pressurevariation in the test air pressure statis-tically affected the abrasion values obtained on th
17、e glass plate.Air pressure as specified in the test method is 448 kPa 65 psi measured by a gauge capable to 6 6.9kPa 6 1 psi. For theruggedness test, air pressure was maintained at values of 441kPa 64 psi and 455 kPa 66 psi by the use of a calibratedmaster series pressure gage. The statistically sig
18、nificant effectof this small air pressure variation must be taken into consid-eration and only calibrated gauges capable of maintaining 448kPa 65 psi air pressure be used. It is also recommended thatair gauges be recalibrated at frequent intervals.5.2 Factors which were found to be rugged during the
19、 testmethod evaluation were (1) particle size variation of the siliconcarbide grain between sizings of grain composed of 25%20mesh 3 30mesh and 75% 30mesh 3 50mesh silicon carbideto one composed of 15% 20mesh 3 30mesh and 85% 30mesh3 50mesh silicon carbide sizing, (2) nozzle to sample distancevaryin
20、g between 200 mm 778 in to 206 mm 818 in, (3)silicon carbide grit amount between 995 g and 1005 g, and (4)test operator.6. Apparatus6.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resis-tance of refractory specimens, consisting of the following (Fig.1 and Fig. 2):6.1.1 Blast Gun (Leitch Carco G
21、un Model LC-CG)5, modi-fied for this equipment as shown in Fig. 3. Other sand blast gunmodels or types may affect test results.6.1.2 NozzleA piece of glass tubing is used to replace thesteel nozzle supplied with the sand-blast gun to permit controlof nozzle size through nozzle replacement after each
22、 determi-nation. Flint-glass tubing, 115 mm 412 in. long, 7 mm 0.276in. in outside diameter, with a measured 4.8 mm insidediameter, is used. This piece of glass tubing is held in place bya70mm234 in. long piece of stainless steel or copper tubing.The I.D. (inside diameter) of this tubing, which shou
23、ld beflared at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 mm 38 in. tubingnut, should be 7.15 to 7.75 mm 932 to58 in. The O.D.(outside diameter) should be 9.53 mm 38 in. This sleeve isglued or soldered in place inside the 9.53 mm 38 in. tubingnut, and is used primarily to hold the glass tubing perpendicu-l
24、ar to the test sample, assuring a proper vacuum within the gun.The end of the glass tube through which the abrading mediaenters the nozzle in the venturi chamber, is inserted in a 15.9mm 58 in. outside diameter, 6.4 mm 14 in. inside diameterrubber grommet of a thickness between 4.75 to 6.4 mm 316 to
25、14 in. The glass tube is placed through the sleeve in the tubingnut, snugging the grommet within the nut The nut is attachedto the gun. If there is an insufficient fit between the grommet,the tubing nut and the gun assembly, adequate vacuum draw(see 8.6) will be unattainable. The glass tube is then
26、positionedat a distance of 2 mm 0.08 in. from the air-generator nozzle.This is done by using a brass rod, 4.5 mm 0.175 in. indiameter with a shoulder 7.9 mm 516 in. in diameter, 117 mm4.68 in. from the tip and inserting this rod into the glass tube.This will allow the operator to push the glass tubi
27、ng up untilthe rod touches the nozzle, assuringa2mm0.08 in. gapbetween the nozzle and the glass tubing.6.1.3 VenturiThe air-generator nozzle shall have an inletinside diameter of from 2.84 to 2.92 mm 0.112 to 0.115 in.and an outlet inside diameter of from 2.36 to 2.44 mm 0.093to 0.096 in. The air ge
28、nerator nozzle should be inspected forwear before any test series and replaced as necessary. Theinside diameter of the venturi chamber should not exceed 10mm 38 in. and should be checked periodically for wear.6.1.4 Air SupplyThe air line pressure shall be maintainedat the desired pressure at the gun
29、 through the use of a calibratedmaster series suppressed range air gage indicating 6.9 kPa 61psi mounted as close to the gun as possible. Only clean dry airshould be used.6.1.5 Abrading MediaNo. 36 grit silicon carbide having ascreen analysis as shown in Table 1.6.1.6 Feeding MechanismTwo acceptable
30、 mechanismsfor feeding the abrading media are shown in Fig. 4. The feedfunnel must contain a suitable orifice to obtain a flow time of4506 15 s while delivering 1000 g of abrading media into thegun supply funnel. Metal, glass, or plastic orifices can be usedto regulate the flow. There must be an air
31、 gap between theorifice and the gun supply funnel to allow secondary air toenter with the abrading media.6.1.7 Test Chamber, consisting of a tightly sealed closurewith a door to permit ready access for mounting and removingthe test specimens.A 13-mm 12-in. hole shall be cut in the topof the test cha
32、mber to permit the vertical mounting of the blastgun such that the downward stream of abrading media willtravel 203 mm 8 in. from the glass nozzle tip to the testspecimen. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the design of an acceptablechamber.36.1.7.1 Dust CollectorA dust-collecting cloth or paperbag of adequate
33、 capacity may be used on the 52-mm 2116-in.exhaust port of the chamber. This port is equipped with abutterfly valve to regulate the pressure in the chamber duringthe test. Alternate dust handling systems such as venting to theoutside are acceptable as long as the chamber pressure ismaintained at the
34、 desired level.6.1.7.2 ManometerDuring the test the chamber pressureshall be measured with a manometer (water, magnehelic ordigital) having a scale such that 311 Pa 114 in. of water maybe readily measured. A 6-mm 14-in. inside diameter connec-tor shall be mounted in the top of the chamber to permitm
35、anometer connection.6.2 Balance, capable of weighing the sample to an accuracyof 60.1 g, used for weighing the abrading media and testspecimens. Typically a 2000 g to 3000 g capacity balance isrequired.7. Test Specimens7.1 Test specimens shall be cut from refractory brick orshapes, or molded from mo
36、nolithic refractory materials andmeasure from 100 by 100 by 25 mm 4 by 4 by 1 in. to 114by114by65or76mm412 by 412 by 212 or 3 in. Only the5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Leitch conversely, two test results that do differ by morethan the repeatability
37、 interval will be considered to be fromdifferent populations.10.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same material usingthe same test equipment is given by the reproducibility inter
38、val(R) and the relative reproducibility interval (%R). The 95 %reproducibility intervals are given in Table 2. Two test resultsthat do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval willbe considered to be from the same population; conversely, twotest results that do differ by more than the re
39、producibilityinterval will be considered to be from different populations.10.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof the test method for measuring the abrasion resistance ofrefractories because the value of the volume loss can be definedonly in terms of a test method.11. Keywords11.
40、1 abrasion resistance; blasted by air; castable refracto-ries; flat surface; monolithic refractory materials; refractorybrick or shape; room temperatureASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Us
41、ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed ever
42、y five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible techni
43、cal committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
44、n, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).6Supporting data have been fi
45、led at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C08-1019.TABLE 2 Precision Statistics for Abrasion ResistanceMaterialAverageVolumeLoss, cm3StandardDeviationWithinLabora-tories, SrStandardDeviationBetweenLabora-tories, SRRepeat-abilityInterval, rReproduc-bi
46、lityInterval, RCoefficientof Varia-tion WithinLabora-tories, VrCoefficientof Varia-tion BetweenLabora-tories, VRRelativeRepeat-ability, %rRelativeReproduc-ibility, %RHigh-alumina brick 4.19 0.39 0.71 1.08 1.98 9.22 16.85 25.80 47.19Silica brick 22.17 2.64 4.62 7.40 12.95 11.91 20.86 33.36 58.41Abras
47、ion-resistant castable 8.36 0.87 1.89 2.42 5.29 10.35 22.59 28.99 63.24Super-duty firebrick 25.48 4.25 7.81 11.90 21.86 16.68 30.64 46.70 85.80Conventional high-cement castable 10.89 2.12 3.02 5.94 8.45 19.48 27.71 54.54 77.59Plate Glass Standard 9.28 0.34 1.51 0.95 4.23 3.66 16.27 10.24 45.58C 704/C 704M 097
