1、Designation: C 803/C 803M 03Standard Test Method forPenetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 803/C 803M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance of hardened concrete to penetration by either a steelprobe or p
3、in.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewit
4、h the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5、 For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials2C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregates22.2 ANSI Standard:A10.3 Safety Requirements for
6、Powder Actuated FasteningSystems33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C 125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A driver delivers a known amount of energy to either asteel probe or pin. The penetration resistance of the concrete isdetermin
7、ed by measuring either the exposed lengths of probesthat have been driven into the concrete or by measuring thedepth of the holes created by the penetration of the pins into theconcrete.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is applicable to assess the uniformity ofconcrete and to delineate zon
8、es of poor quality or deterioratedconcrete in structures.5.2 This test method is applicable to estimate in-placestrength, provided that a relationship has been experimentallyestablished between penetration resistance and concretestrength. Such a relationship must be established for a giventest appar
9、atus (see also 9.1.5), using similar concrete materialsand mixture proportions as in the structure. Use the proceduresand statistical methods in ACI 228.1R for developing and usingthe strength relationship.4NOTE 1 Since penetration results may be affected by the nature of theformed surfaces (for exa
10、mple, wooden forms versus steel forms), corre-lation testing should be performed on specimens with formed surfacessimilar to those to be used during construction. Additional information onthe factors affecting penetration test results and summaries of pastresearch are available.4,55.3 Steel probes a
11、re driven with a high-energy, powder-actuated driver, and probes may penetrate some aggregateparticles. Probe penetration resistance is affected by concretestrength as well as the nature of the coarse aggregate. Steel pinsare smaller in size than probes and are driven by a low energy,spring-actuated
12、 driver. Pins are intended to penetrate themortar fraction only; therefore, a test in which a pin strikes acoarse aggregate particle is disregarded.5.4 This test method results in surface damage to theconcrete, which may require repair in exposed architecturalfinishes.1This test method is under the
13、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.64 on Nondestructive and In-Place Testing.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 80
14、3/C 803M-97e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4ACI 228.1R-95, “In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength,” Report ofACI Committee 228 on Nondestructive Testing, American Concrete
15、 Institute,Farmington Hills, MI.5Malhotra, V. M., and Carette, G. G., “Penetration Resistance Methods,”Chapter 2 in Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, Malhotra, V. M., andCarino, N. J., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991, pp. 1938.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of
16、this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus66.1 Resistance Testing With Probes:6.1.1 Driver UnitThe driver unit shall be capable ofdriving the probe into the concrete with an accurately con-trolled amoun
17、t of energy so that the probe will remain firmlyembedded. The driver unit shall incorporate features to preventfiring when not properly placed in the positioning device on theconcrete surface.NOTE 2A powder-actuated device conforming to ANSI A10.3 hasbeen used successfully.6.1.1.1 For a specified en
18、ergy loading, the variation of thevelocity of standard probes propelled by the standard drivingunit shall not have a coefficient of variation greater than 3 %for any ten tests made by accepted ballistic methods.NOTE 3A conventional counter chronograph and appropriate ballisticscreens may be used to
19、measure velocity at 2 m 6.5 ft from the end ofthe driving unit.6.1.2 Probe The probe shall be a hardened alloy-steel rodplated for corrosion protection, with a blunt conical end thatcan be inserted into the driver unit and driven into the concretesurface so that it remains firmly embedded and the le
20、ngth of theprojecting portion can be measured. The hardness shall bebetween Rockwell 44 HRC and 48 HRC. The exposed end ofthe probe shall be threaded to accommodate accessoriesdesigned to facilitate measurement and withdrawal.NOTE 4If probes are to be removed from the concrete, a device,consisting o
21、f a nut that can be screwed onto the end of the probe by awrench and spacers that can be slipped over the probe for the nut to bearagainst, will serve to withdraw the probes.6.1.2.1 The length of probes shall be uniform within6 0.5 %.6.1.3 Measurement Equipment:6.1.3.1 Measuring InstrumentA measurin
22、g instrument,such as a caliper, depth gage, or other measuring device, andassociated equipment, shall be used to measure the exposedlength of a probe to the nearest 0.5 mm 0.025 in.6.1.3.2 The measuring equipment shall include a referencebase plate or other device that is supported on the concretesu
23、rface at three equally spaced points at least 50 mm 2 in.from the probe to be measured.NOTE 5In order to hold the reference base plate against the surface ofthe concrete when measurements in the horizontal direction or in thebottom of an overhead concrete surface are being made, a plate retainercons
24、isting of a spring and a nut that can be screwed onto the threaded endof the probe may be used.NOTE 6A probe-measuring cap that can be screwed onto the threadedend of the probe has been used to facilitate measuring exposed length andto compensate for the height of the reference base plate.6.1.4 Posi
25、tioning DeviceA device to be placed on thesurface of the concrete for positioning and guiding the probeand driver unit during firing will be used.NOTE 7This may be a single-positioning device or a triangular devicewith holes at the three corners that permits the firing of three probes in atriangular
26、 pattern in accordance with 7.1.1.6.2 Resistance Testing with Pins:6.2.1 Driver UnitThe driver shall be a device capable ofdriving a pin into the concrete with an accurately controlledamount of energy. The pin will be forced into the concrete,creating a hole so that the depth of penetration can beme
27、asured.NOTE 8A spring-actuated driver unit with a spring stiffness of 49.7kN/m 284 lb/in. has been successfully used to test concrete with strengthin the range of 3 to 28 MPa 450 to 4000 psi.6.2.2 The spring-actuated driver requires regular verifica-tion of the amount of energy transferred to the pi
28、n. Servicing isrequired whenever there is reason to question its properoperation.NOTE 9The amount of energy transferred to the pin can be verifiedusing calibration blocks supplied by the manufacturer. Pins are driven intothe blocks using the spring-actuated driver, and the measured penetrationis com
29、pared to manufacturers specifications. If the penetration does notmeet the manufacturers specification, the driver unit should be serviced.6.2.3 PinThe pin shall be a hardened alloy-steel drill rod,heat treated to Rockwell hardness 62 to 66 HRC, with one endsharpened and the other end blunt. The dim
30、ensions of the pinsshall be uniform within 62.0 %. Each pin shall be used onlyonce and then discarded.NOTE 10A pin with approximate length of 30 mm 1.2 in., a diameterof 3.6 mm 0.14 in. and a tip machined at an angle of 22.5 degrees withits longitudinal axis, has been used successfully in the driver
31、 unitdescribed in Note 8.6.2.4 Measuring Equipment:6.2.4.1 Measuring InstrumentA depth gage with a refer-ence plate shall be used to measure the depth of penetration ofthe pin tip into the concrete to the nearest 0.001 in. 0.025 mm.6.2.4.2 The measuring rod of the depth gage shall have adiameter and
32、 a tip angle that are less than that of the pin.6.2.4.3 The test equipment shall include an air blower toclean the small hole created by a pin before measurement of thedepth of penetration.7. Hazards7.1 Resistance Testing With Probes:7.1.1 Exercise care in the operation of the driver unit toprevent
33、unexpected or inadvertent discharge of a probe.7.1.2 Wear safety goggles, hearing protection, and otherappropriate protective equipment when driving probes intoconcrete.7.1.3 The driving unit, if powder actuated, shall conform tothe applicable requirements of ANSI A10.3.7.1.4 If reinforcing bars or
34、other metal embedments in theconcrete are suspected to have cover depths shallower than theanticipated probe penetration, select test positions so thatprobes will not strike such embedded items (Note 11).NOTE 11The location of reinforcement may be established usingreinforcement locators or metal det
35、ectors. Follow the manufacturersinstructions for proper operation of such devices.7.2 Resistance Testing with Pins:7.2.1 Use care in the operation of the spring actuated driverto prevent injury from the inadvertent firing of the pin.6Apparatus to conduct these tests is available commercially.C 803/C
36、 803M 0327.2.2 Personnel should wear safety goggles and other ap-propriate protective equipment when performing the test.8. Sampling8.1 Resistance Testing With Probes:8.1.1 The concrete to be tested must have reached a suffi-cient degree of resistance to penetration so that the probe willnot penetra
37、te more than one half the thickness of the concretemember and will remain firmly embedded. No probe shall belocated less than 175 mm 7 in. from any other probe, nor lessthan 100 mm 4 in. from the edge of a concrete surface.8.1.2 A minimum of three firmly embedded test probes in agiven test area shal
38、l constitute one test. If the range of threevalid probe penetration measurements exceeds the value in thethird column of Table 1, make a fourth measurement anddiscard the measurement with the greatest deviation from theaverage. If the three remaining measurements still do not meetthe limit given in
39、Table 1, select a different test area and obtainthree new measurements.NOTE 12The number of tests to be taken depends on the intended useof the results. Refer to ACI 228.1R4for recommendations.8.2 Resistance Testing with Pins:8.2.1 The concrete to be tested must have reached a suffi-cient degree of
40、resistance to penetration so that the pin does notpenetrate to a depth greater than the exposed length of the pinwhen inserted into the hammer of the driver.NOTE 13For the driver unit described in Note 8, the exposed lengthis 7.6 mm 0.30 in.8.2.2 No pin penetration shall be located less than 50 mm 2
41、in. or more than 150 mm 6 in. from any other pinpenetration, nor less than 50 mm 2 in. from the edge of aconcrete surface.8.2.3 The average depth of penetration measured for sixpins driven into the concrete in a given test area shall constituteone test. See Note 12.8.2.4 Discard a reading when the p
42、in obviously hit a coarseaggregate or an entrapped air void, and perform a new test. Ifthe range of six valid pin penetration measurements exceedsthe value in the third column of Table 2, make a seventhmeasurement and discard the measurement with the greatestdeviation from the average. If the six re
43、maining measurementsstill do not meet the limit given in Table 2, select a different testarea and obtain six new measurements.9. Procedure9.1 Resistance Testing With Probes:9.1.1 Concrete surfaces to be tested that are coarser thanburlap dragged finishes shall be ground over an area larger thanthat
44、covered by the positioning device and reference base plate.9.1.2 Place the positioning device on the surface of theconcrete at the location to be tested. Mount a probe in thedriver unit, position the driver in the positioning device, andfire the probe into the concrete. Follow the safety directionss
45、upplied with the apparatus.9.1.3 Remove the positioning device and tap the probe onthe exposed end with a small hammer to ensure that it has notrebounded and to confirm that it is firmly embedded. Rejectloose probes.9.1.4 Place the reference base plate over the probe andposition it so that it bears
46、firmly on the surface of the concretewithout rocking or other movement. If the surface of theconcrete has been raised around the base of the probe, removethe crushed concrete to allow the reference base plate to lie flat.If necessary, install plate retainers and probe-measuring caps.Measure the dist
47、ance from the reference base plate to the endof the probe, or to the upper surface of the measuring cap, tothe nearest 0.5 mm 0.025 in. Verify that requirements of8.1.2 are met. If a probe is more than 10 degrees fromperpendicular with respect to the surface of the concrete,discard that probe and em
48、bed another. Determine the averageexposed probe length.NOTE 14Mechanical and electronic devices are available to facilitatedetermining the average exposed length of the probes.9.1.5 When tests are to be made on concrete having adensity of approximately 2000 kg/m3125 lb/ft3 or less, andon all concret
49、e with strengths less than 17 MPa 2500 psi,decrease the amount of energy delivered to the probe by thedriver or use a larger-diameter probe, or both. Decrease theTABLE 1 PrecisionAfor Resistance Testing with ProbesMaximum Sizeof Aggregate(1s) LimitB,mm in.MaximumRangeof ThreeIndividualCMeasurements,mm in.(d2s) LimitDMaximumDifference BetweenTwo Tests (Eachtest calculated asthe average ofthreemeasurements),mm in.No. 4 (Mortar) 2.0 0.08 6.6 0.26 3.3 0.1325 mm 1-in. 2.5 0.10 8.4 0.33 4.1 0.1650 mm 2 in. 3.6
