1、Designation: C 898 01Standard Guide forUse of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-AppliedElastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with SeparateWearing Course1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 898; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content,cold liquid-applied elasto
3、meric waterproofing membrane thatmeets the criteria in Specification C 836, in a waterproofingsystem subject to hydrostatic pressure for building decks overoccupied space where the membrane is covered with a separateprotective wearing course.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as th
4、estandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
5、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC 717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC 836 Specification for High Solids Content, Co
6、ld Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Usewith Separate Wearing CourseC 920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC 1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC 1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-antsC 1471 Guide for the Use of High Solids Content ColdLiquid-Appl
7、ied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane onVertical SurfacesC 1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other EffectsWhen Establishing Sealant Joint WidthD 1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded RubberD 1751 Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Fillerfor Concrete Pav
8、ing and Structural Construction (Nonex-truding and Resilient Bituminous Types)D 1752 Specification for Preformed Sponge Rubber Corkand Recycled PVC Expansion Joint Fillers for ConcretePaving and Structural ConstructionD 5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces forAdhered (Bonded) Membrane Wat
9、erproofing SystemsD 5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal WaterproofingInstallationsD 6134 Specification for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used inWaterproofing SystemsD 6451 Guide for Application of Asphalt Based ProtectionBoardD 6506 Specification for Asphalt Based Protection Boardfor Below-Grade Wate
10、rproofingE 1907 Guide to Methods of Evaluating Moisture Condi-tions of Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Floor Cov-erings2.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-ings33. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in the guide, refer toTer
11、minology C 717.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cold-appliedcapable of being applied without heat-ing as contrasted to hot-applied. Cold-applied products arefurnished in a liquid state, whereas hot-applied products arefurnished as solids that must be heated to liquefy them.3.
12、2.2 curing timethe period between application and thetime when the material reaches its design physical properties.3.2.3 deflectionthe deviation of a structural element fromits original shape or plane due to physical loading, temperaturegradients, or rotation of its supports.1This guide is under the
13、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originallypublished as C 898 78. Last previous edition C 898 95.2For refer
14、enced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ACI International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI4
15、833-9094.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 drainage boardsee prefabricated drainage compos-ite, the preferred term.3.2.5 drainage coursesee percolation layer and Fig. 1.3.2.6 flashinga generic term describing the
16、transitionalarea between the waterproofing membrane and surfaces abovethe wearing surface of the building deck; a terminal closure orbarrier to prevent ingress of water into the system.3.2.7 freeze-thaw cyclethe freezing and subsequent thaw-ing of a material.3.2.8 percolation layer (drainage course)
17、a layer ofwashed gravel or of a manufactured drainage media that allowswater to filter through to the drain (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 prefabricated drainage compositeproprietary de-vices to facilitate drainage, usually a composite laminate ofmore than one material including filter fabric.3.2.10 structural
18、slaba horizontal, supporting, cast-in-place, concrete building deck. See Fig. 1.3.2.11 troweled finisha concrete finish provided bysmoothing the surface with power driven or hand trowels orboth, after the float finishing operation. A troweled finish issmoother than the floated finish. For specificat
19、ions, see ACI301.3.2.12 wearing surfacea surface exposed to traffic, eitherpedestrian or vehicular, also described as finish wearingsurface.3.2.13 wet-film thicknessthe thickness of a liquid coatingas it is applied.3.2.14 wet-film gagea gage for measuring the thickness ofa wet film.4. Significance a
20、nd Use4.1 This guide provides design considerations for the designof the waterproofing system as well as guide specifications.The intent of Sections 6-15 is to provide information andguidelines for consideration of the designer of the waterproof-ing system. The intent of the remaining sections is to
21、 provideminimum guide specifications for the use of the purchaser andthe seller in contract documents. Where the state of the art issuch that criteria for a particular condition is not as yet firmlyestablished or has numerous variables that require consider-ation, reference is made to the applicable
22、 portion of Sections6-15 that covers the particular area of concern.5. Comparison to Other Standards5.1 Committee C24, with jurisdiction over this guide, is notaware of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.5.2 Refer to Guide C 1471 for application on below gradewalls and vertic
23、al surfaces.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS6. General6.1 Major Components, Subsystems, and FeaturesThemajor components to be considered for a building deckwaterproofing system are the structural building deck orsubstrate to be waterproofed, waterproofing membrane, protec-tion of the membrane, drainage, insula
24、tion, and wearing course(see Fig. 1).Additional features to be considered are membraneterminal conditions and expansion joints.6.2 CompatibilityIt is essential that all components andcontiguous elements be compatible and coordinated to form atotally integrated waterproofing system.7. Substrate7.1 Ge
25、neralThe building deck or substrate referred to inthis guide is reinforced cast-in-place structural concrete. Pre-cast concrete slabs pose more technical problems than cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lasting watertightness isgreatly diminished and difficult to achieve because of themu
26、ltitude of joints which have the capability of movement andmust be treated accordingly. Moving joints are critical featuresof waterproofing systems and are more critical when sealed atthe membrane level than at a higher level with the use ofintegral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impractical with pr
27、ecastconcrete slabs and necessitate an even more impractical drainin each slab. Other disadvantages of precast concrete slabs aretheir inflexibility in achieving contoured slope to drains and thedifficulty of coordinating the placement of such drains.7.2 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor
28、to beconsidered with respect to the liquid-applied membrane insofaras it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuing integrity(absence of cracks and other defects that could affect theintegrity of the membrane after installation).7.3 Density and Moisture ContentDensity of concrete andmoisture c
29、ontent when cured are interrelated and can affectadhesion of the membrane to the substrate with an excessivelyFIG. 1 Basic Components of Cold Liquid-Applied ElastomericMembrane Waterproofing System with Separate Wearing CourseC898012high moisture content, moisture may condense at the mem-brane and c
30、oncrete interface and cause membrane delamina-tion. This is particularly so if the top surface is cooler than theconcrete below. Lower moisture contents are achieved with theuse of hard, dense, stone aggregate. This type of coarseaggregate will generally provide structural concrete with amoisture co
31、ntent from 3 to 5 % when cured. Lightweightaggregate, such as expanded shale, will generally providelightweight structural concrete with a moisture content from 5to 20 % when cured. Lightweight insulating concrete madewith a weaker expanded aggregate, such as perlite, has arelatively low compressive
32、 strength and can contain over 20 %moisture when cured. The concrete used for the substrateshould have a minimum density of 1762 kg/m3(110 lb/ft3) andhave a maximum moisture content of 8 % when cured. Fromthis it can be seen that only certain lightweight aggregates canbe considered for use and no li
33、ghtweight insulating aggregatescan be used.7.4 Admixtures, Additives, and Cement/ConcreteModifiersAdmixtures, additives, and modifiers serve manyfunctions in mixing, forming, and curing concrete, such as toretard or accelerate the cure rate; reduce the water contentrequired; entrain air; increase st
34、rength; create or improve theability of the concrete to bond to existing, cured concrete;permit thin topping overlayers; and improve workability. Someadmixtures and modifiers (particularly polymeric, latex, orother organic chemical based materials) may coat the concreteparticles and reduce the abili
35、ty of the waterproofing membraneto bond to the concrete. The membrane manufacturer should beconsulted if the concrete used for the deck will contain anyadmixtures, additives, or modifiers in order to determine thecompatibility of the membrane with the concrete.7.5 Underside Liner and CoatingThe unde
36、rside of theconcrete deck should not have an impermeable barrier. A metalliner or coating that forms a vapor barrier on the underside cantrap moisture in the concrete and destroy or prevent theadhesive bond of the membrane to the upper surface of theconcrete. Uniformly spaced perforations in metal l
37、iners mayprovide a solution to the vapor barrier problem but as yet thereare no definitive data on the requirements for the size andspacing of the perforations. It should also be recognized thatthis method would preclude any painting of the metal linerafter the concrete is poured on it.7.6 Slope for
38、 DrainageDrainage at the membrane level isimportant. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di-rectly on the concrete slab a monolithic concrete substrateslope of a minimum 2 % (14 in./ft) should be maintained. Slopeis best achieved with a monolithic structural slab and not witha separate concret
39、e fill layer. The fill presents the potential ofadditional cracks and provides a cleavage plane between the filland structural slab. This cleavage plane complicates the detec-tion of leakage in the event that water should penetrate themembrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separationun
40、til reaching a crack in the structural slab.7.7 FinishThe structural slab should have a finish thatfacilitates proper application of the liquid-applied membrane.The surface should be of sufficiently rough texture to providea mechanical bond for the membrane but not so rough as topreclude achieving c
41、ontinuity of the membrane of the specifiedthickness across the surface. A typical manufacturers recom-mendation is a steel-troweled finish, followed by a fine hairbroom.7.8 CuringCuring of the structural slab is necessary toprovide a sound concrete surface and to obtain the quality ofconcrete requir
42、ed. The concrete should be cured a minimum of7 days and aged a minimum of 28 days including curing time,before application of the liquid-applied membrane. Curing isaccomplished chemically with moisture and should not beconstrued as drying.7.8.1 Moist CuringMoist curing is achieved by keepingthe surf
43、aces continuously wet by covering them with burlapsaturated with water and kept wet by spraying or hosing. Thecovering material should be placed to provide complete surfacecoverage with joints lapped a minimum of 75 mm (3 in.).7.8.2 Sheet CuringSheet curing is accomplished with asheet vapor retarder
44、 that reduces the loss of water from theconcrete and moistens the surface of concrete by condensation,preventing the surface from drying while curing. Laps of sheetscovering the slab should not be less than 50 mm (2 in.) andshould be sealed or weighted.7.8.3 Chemical CuringLiquid or chemical curing
45、com-pounds should not be used unless approved by the manufac-turer of the liquid-applied membrane as the material mayinterfere with the bond of the membrane to the structural slab.7.9 DrynessComply with membrane manufacturers re-quirements for substrate dryness. For methods for testingmoisture conte
46、nt, refer to Practices E 1907.7.10 JointsJoints in a structural concrete slab in this guideare referred to as reinforced joints, nonreinforced joints, andexpansion joints.7.10.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-line cracks, cold joints, construction joints, isolation joints, andcon
47、trol joints held together with steel reinforcing bars or wirefabric. These are considered static joints with little or noanticipated movement because the slab reinforcement is con-tinuous across the joint.7.10.2 Nonreinforced JointsNonreinforced joints consistof butted construction joints and isolat
48、ion joints not heldtogether with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These jointsare generally considered by the designer of the structuralsystem as nonmoving or static joints. However, they should beconsidered as capable of having some movement, the magni-tude of which is difficult to predict.7.
49、10.3 Expansion JointsExpansion joints are designed toaccommodate a predetermined amount of movement. Suchmovement could be due to thermal change, shrinkage, creep,deflection, or other factors and combinations of factors. In thedetailing of expansion joints to achieve watertightness, theamount of movement anticipated should be carefully deter-mined using a reasonable factor of safety. The opening size andconfiguration should then be related to the capability of thejoint seal materials to accommodate the anticipated movement.Expansion joints are bes
