1、Designation: C 914 95 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forBulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by WaxImmersion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for deter-mining bulk density and volume of refractory shape
3、s. This testis applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned orunburned, independent of composition or forming method,including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularlysuitable for determining bulk density and volume of complexshapes after forming, since results may be obtaine
4、d in a matterof minutes.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
5、r to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Note 2.2. Significance and Use2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determinevolume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, providedit has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus itmay be used on unfired or fired, strong or
6、friable shapes.2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has foundapplication as manufacturing in-process control as well as incharacterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be usedto examine specimens after other test or service exposure.3. Apparatus3.1 Paraffn Wax, fully refined, t
7、hat has a known constantdensity, K, that does not change after repeated melting andcooling cycles.NOTE 1The paraffin waxes generally used are commercially availableand have density values in the range 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm3. Also, these waxesmelt at approximately 135F (57C).3.2 Wax-Melting Container, us
8、ed to melt the wax but shouldnot allow the wax to overheat. A container heated by hot water,preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory. The waxshould be heated to only slightly above the melting point toavoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quickly forminga uniform surface coat
9、ing of wax.NOTE 2Caution: Vapors given off by molten wax ignite spontane-ously at above 400F (205C) and should not be allowed to come incontact with the heating element or open flame.3.3 Balance, capable of determining the weights of thespecimens to four significant figures. Thus, specimens weigh-in
10、g from 100 to 999 g should be weighed to one decimal place,those from 10 to 99 g should be weighed to two decimal places,and so forth.4. Sampling4.1 At least five representative specimens should be chosenof the refractory to be characterized. These may be wholeshapes or broken pieces, depending on t
11、he purpose of the test.5. Procedure5.1 Preparation of SpecimensThe test specimens shall bedried to a constant weight by heating to 220 to 230F (105 to110C) to remove entrapped moisture, which would affect thebulk density determination. This drying process may be omit-ted when specimens are known to
12、be dry or when it is desiredto make density determinations on moisture-containing speci-mens, such as brick shapes, immediately after forming.5.2 Initial Weight,WDetermine the initial weight, W,ofeach test specimen in grams to four significant figures.5.3 Coating the Test Specimen:5.3.1 Coat the spe
13、cimen with wax by dipping the specimeninto the container of melted wax. The coating is easily appliedby holding one end of the specimen and immersing one half totwo thirds of it. Then, hold the waxed end, and immerse theunwaxed portion plus a small overlap into the wax to providea complete coating.5
14、.3.2 Take care not to entrap air bubbles under the wax. Iffound, press these bubbles out so the wax conforms exactly tothe surface of the specimen. Close holes in the wax coating byadditional dipping in wax so the surface can be completelysealed.5.4 Wax-Coated Weight,PDetermine the weight of thewax-
15、coated specimen, P, in grams to four significant figures.5.5 Suspended Weight, S:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalTests and Properties.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published
16、October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 914 95 (1999).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.5.1 Determine the weight of the wax-coated specimensuspended in water, S, in grams
17、to four significant figures.5.5.2 Previously counterbalance the balance with the wireor other device used to suspend the specimen in place, andimmerse in water to the same depth as used when the refractoryspecimen is in place. This weighing may be accomplished bysuspending the specimen in a loop or
18、halter of AWG Gage 22(0.643-mm) copper wire hung from one arm of the balance.6. Calculation6.1 Volume, V:6.1.1 Obtain the volume, V1, of the test specimens (includ-ing the wax) in cubic centimetres as follows:V15 P 2 S (1)NOTE 3This assumes that 1 cm3of water weighs 1 g. This is truewithin 3 parts i
19、n 1000 for water at room temperature.6.1.2 Obtain the volume, V2, of the wax coating on the testspecimen in cubic centimetres as follows:V25 P W!/K (2)where:K = density of the wax, g/cm3.6.1.3 Obtain the volume, V, of the test specimen by sub-tracting the volume of the wax coating from the total vol
20、umeas calculated in 6.1.1 as follows:V 5 V12 V2(3)6.2 Bulk Density,BThe bulk density, B, of a specimen ingrams per cubic centimetre is the quotient of its initial weightdivided by volume of the test specimen, excluding the volumeof wax. Calculate B as follows:B 5 W/V (4)7. Report7.1 For each propert
21、y, report the average of the valuesobtained with at least five specimens, and preferably, theindividual values as well.7.2 Report the bulk density results to two decimal places.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Volume Measurement:8.1.1 Interlaboratory Test ProgramInterlaboratory studywas conducted by five la
22、boratories using three replications andtwo duplicate runs on the same specimen. The specimen was212 in. (63.5 mm) series 9 in. (229 mm) straights of oxynitridebonded silicon carbide cut into quarter bricks approximately4.5 by 2.25 by 1.5 in. (114 by 57 by 38 mm).8.1.2 Precision:8.1.2.1 Repeatability
23、 Two test results, each composed offive specimens from one laboratory, should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % confidence level, if theirdifference exceeds the Repeatability Interval, Ir, for the grandaverage in Table 1.8.1.2.2 Reproducibility Two test results, each composedof five s
24、pecimens from two laboratories, should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % confidence level, if theirdifference exceeds the Reproducibility Interval, IR, for thegrand average in Table 1.8.1.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made sincethere is no accepted reference material and the t
25、rue values ofvolume cannot be established by an accepted referencemethod.8.2 Bulk Density Measurement:8.2.1 Interlaboratory Test ProgramInterlaboratory studywas conducted by five laboratories using three replications andtwo duplicate runs on the same specimen. The specimen wasTABLE 1 Volume Measurem
26、entPrecisionStandard DeviationMaterial Average Within Laboratories, Sr Between Laboratories, SL Repeatability Interval, Ir Reproducibility Interval, IRA 397.17 0.695 0.377 1.965 1.066B 408.51 0.592 0.245 1.674 0.693C 408.82 0.859 0.307 2.429 0.868D 410.56 0.801 0.370 2.265 1.046E 411.80 0.885 0.494
27、2.503 1.397Grand Average 407.37 0.766 0.359 2.167 2.933Relative PrecisionCoefficient of VarianceMaterial Average Within Laboratories,%VrBetween Laboratories,%VLRelative RepeatabilityInterval, % IrRelative ReproducibilityInterval, % IRA 397.17 0.175 0.095 0.495 0.269B 408.51 0.145 0.060 0.410 0.170C
28、408.82 0.210 0.075 0.594 0.212D 410.56 0.195 0.090 0.552 0.255E 411.80 0.215 0.120 0.608 0.339Grand Average 407.37 0.188 0.088 0.532 0.249C 914 95 (2004)2212 in. (63.5 mm) series 9 in. (229 mm) straights of oxynitridebonded silicon carbide cut into quarter bricks approximately4.5 by 2.25 by 1.5 in.
29、(114 by 57 by 38 mm).8.2.2 Precision:8.2.2.1 Repeatability Two test results, each composed offive specimens from one laboratory, should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % confidence level, if theirdifference exceeds the Repeatability Interval, Ir, for the grandaverage in Table 2.8.2.2.
30、2 Reproducibility Two test results, each composedof five specimens from two laboratories, should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % confidence level, if theirdifference exceeds the Reproducilibity Interval, IR, for thegrand average in Table 2.8.2.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be m
31、ade sincethere is no accepted reference material and the true values ofbulk density cannot be established by an accepted referencemethod.9. Keywords9.1 bulk density; refractory shapes; solid refractories; vol-ume; wax immersionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any paten
32、t rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision a
33、t any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your commen
34、ts will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted
35、by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mai
36、l); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 Bulk Density MeasurementPrecisionStandard DeviationMaterial Average Within Laboratories,SrBetween Laboratories,SLRepeatabilityInterval, IrReproducibilityInterval, IRA 2.585 0.0033 0.0066 0.0094 0.0210B 2.569 0.0033 0.0026 0.0094 0.0120C 2.619 0.0
37、041 0.0009 0.0115 0.0120D 2.622 0.0033 0.0020 0.0094 0.0110E 2.599 0.0024 0.0024 0.0067 0.0094Grand Average 2.599 0.0033 0.0029 0.0093 0.0131Relative PrecisionCoefficient of VarianceMaterial Average Within Laboratories,%VrBetween Laboratories,%VLRelative RepeatabilityInterval, % IrRelative ReproducibilityInterval, % IRA 2.585 0.129 0.257 0.36 0.81B 2.569 0.130 0.103 0.37 0.47C 2.619 0.156 0.033 0.44 0.45D 2.622 0.127 0.077 0.36 0.42E 2.599 0.091 0.091 0.26 0.36Grand Average 2.599 0.127 0.112 0.36 0.50C 914 95 (2004)3
