1、Designation: C981 05 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forDesign of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane WaterproofingSystems for Building Decks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the design of fully adhered built-upbituminous membrane waterproofing syste
3、ms for plaza deckand promenade construction over occupied spaces of buildingswhere covered by a separate wearing course.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard
4、is notaware of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
5、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor
6、 Retarders forThermal InsulationC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-ants (Withdrawn 2012)3C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other EffectsWhen Establishing Sealant Joint WidthD41 Specification for Asphalt Primer Used in Roofing,Dampproof
7、ing, and WaterproofingD43 Specification for Coal Tar Primer Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD173 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Cotton FabricsUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD226 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Usedin Roofing and WaterproofingD227 Specification
8、for Coal-Tar-Saturated Organic FeltUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD312 Specification for Asphalt Used in RoofingD449 Specification for Asphalt Used in Dampproofing andWaterproofingD450 Specification for Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD1079 Terminology Relating to Roo
9、fing and WaterproofingD1327 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Woven BurlapFabrics Used in Roofing and WaterproofingD1668 Specification for Glass Fabrics (Woven and Treated)for Roofing and WaterproofingD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand Waterproofing (Withdrawn 2013)3D282
10、2 Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-ContainingD4022 Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, AsbestosContainingD4586 Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-FreeD4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber BaseSheet Used in RoofingD4990 Specification for Coal Tar Glass Fel
11、t Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Ad-hered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing SystemsD5898 Guide for Details for Adhered Sheet WaterproofingD5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal WaterproofingInstallationsD6152 Specification for SEBS-Modified Moppi
12、ng AsphaltUsed in RoofingD6162 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using a Combina-tion of Polyester and Glass Fiber Reinforcements1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility
13、 of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C981 05. DOI:10.1520/C0981-05R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
15、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6163 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Glass FiberReinforcementsD6164 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using PolyesterReinfor
16、cementsD6451 Guide for Application of Asphalt Based ProtectionBoardD6622 Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Hot-AppliedReinforced Waterproofing Systems2.2 Other Documents:ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete in Buildings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in the
17、 guide,refer to Terminologies C717 and D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 prefabricated drainage compositea preformed po-rous material, usually plastic, with a filter-type fabric over it.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for thesele
18、ction of components and the design of a built-up bitumi-nous membrane waterproofing system in building deck con-struction. Where the state of the art is such that criteria forparticular conditions are not established or have numerousvariables that require consideration, applicable portions ofDesign
19、Considerations, Sections 5-16, serve as reference andguidance for selection by the designer of the system.5. Comparison to Other Standards5.1 The Committee with jurisdiction over this standard isnot aware of any comparable standards published by otherorganizations.5.2 For application methods, refer
20、to Guide D6622. Fordesign of typical details not addressed in this guide, refer toGuide D5898.6. General6.1 The design of plaza deck waterproofing cannot besatisfactorily determined without consideratoin of the severalsubsystems, their material components, and interrelationships.The proper selection
21、 from a variety of components that form abuilt-up bituminous membrane waterproofing system must bepredicated upon specific project requirements and the interre-lationship of components. The variety of the types of surfacesexposed to weather, the difference of climatic conditions towhich the deck is
22、exposed, and the interior environmentalrequirements of the occupied space are major determinants inthe process of component selection. Essential to determinationof the deck design components is information relative totemperature extremes of the inner and outer surfaces, precipi-tation rates, solar e
23、xposure, prevailing wind direction, thepattern and reflectivity of adjacent structures, anticipatedamount and intensity of vibration resulting from function oradjacent occupancies, and design live loads both normal andemergency.6.2 It is essential that all components and contiguouselements be compat
24、ible and coordinated to form a totallyintegrated waterproofing system.6.3 The plaza deck system is normally composed of severalsubsystems: the structural building deck (membrane substrate),the waterproofing membrane, the drainage subsystem, thethermal insulation, protection or working slab, and the
25、wearingcourse (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1 as well as details, subsystems,components, and illustrations that follow are intended toillustrate a principle but are not necessarily the only solutionfor a diversity of environments.7. Substrate7.1 The building deck or substrate referred to in this guideis reinfo
26、rced cast-in-place structural concrete.7.1.1 High early strength and lightweight insulating con-cretes do not provide suitable substrates. Additives made to theconcrete mix (such as calcium chloride) to promote curing,reduce water requirements, or modify application temperaturerequirements should no
27、t be used unless the manufacturer of thewaterproofing system specifically agrees.7.1.2 Precast concrete slabs pose more technical problemsthan cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lastingwatertightness is greatly diminished and difficult to achievebecause of the multitude of joints that ha
28、ve the capability of4Available from ACI International, PO Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI483339094.FIG. 1 Basic Components of Built-up Bituminous Membrane Wa-terproofing System with Separate Wearing Course (see Section6.3)C981 05 (2013)2movement and must be treated accordingly. Moving joints arecriti
29、cal features of waterproofing systems and are more criticalwhen sealed at the membrane level than at a higher level withthe use of integral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impracticalwith precast concrete slabs and necessitate an even moreimpractical drain in each slab. Other disadvantages of precast
30、concrete slabs are their inflexibility in achieving contouredslope to drains and the difficulty of coordinating the placementof such drains.7.2 Slope for DrainageDrainage at the membrane level isimportant. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di-rectly on the concrete slab, a monolithic concret
31、e substrateslope of a minimum 2 % (14 in./ ft.) should be maintained. Themaximum slope is related to the type of membrane used. Slopeis best achieved with a monolithic pour as compared with aseparate concrete fill. The fill presents the potential of addi-tional cracks and provides a cleavage plane b
32、etween the fill andstructural slab. This cleavage plane complicates the detectionof leakage in the event that water should penetrate themembrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separationuntil reaching a crack in the structural slab.7.3 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor to bec
33、onsidered with respect to the built-up bituminous membraneinsofar as it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuingintegrity. The cast-in-place structural concrete should have aminimum density of 1762 kg/m3(110 lb/ft3).7.4 FinishThe structural slab should have a finish ofsufficiently rough text
34、ure to provide a mechanical bond for themembrane but not so rough to preclude achieving continuity ofthe membrane across the surface. As a minimum, ACI 301floated finish is required with ACI 301 troweled finishpreferred, deleting the final troweling.7.5 CuringCuring the structural slab is necessary
35、to pro-vide a sound concrete surface and to obtain the quality ofconcrete required. Curing is accomplished chemically withmoisture and should not be construed as drying.7.5.1 Moist CuringMoist curing is achieved by keepingthe surfaces continuously wet by covering with burlap satu-rated with water an
36、d kept wet by spraying or hosing. Thecovering materials should be placed to provide completesurface coverage with joints lapped a minimum of 75 mm (3in.).7.5.2 Sheet CuringSheet curing is accomplished with asheet vapor retarder that reduces the loss of water from theconcrete and moistens the surface
37、 of the concrete bycondensation, thus preventing the surface from drying whilecuring. Laps of sheets covering the slab should be not less than50 mm (2 in.) and should be sealed or weighted (see PracticeC755).7.5.3 Chemical CuringLiquid or chemical curing com-pounds applied to the surface of the stru
38、ctural slab should notbe used unless approved by the manufacturer of the built-upbituminous membrane as the material may interfere with thebond of the membrane to the structural slab.7.6 DrynessMembrane manufacturers requirements forsubstrate dryness vary from being visibly dry to having aspecific m
39、aximum moisture content. Since there is a lack ofunanimity in this regard, it is necessary to conform to themanufacturers requirements for the particular membrane be-ing applied. Adequate drying of residual moisture from slabspoured over a permanent metal deck will normally take longerthan from slab
40、s stripped of forming. Subsequent undersidepainting of stripped concrete slabs that might inhibit moisturevapor transmission and possibly cause loss of membraneadhesion should be avoided.7.7 JointsJoints in a structural concrete slab are hereinreferred to as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, a
41、nd expan-sion joints.7.7.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-line cracks, cold joints, construction joints, and isolation jointsheld together with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. Theseare considered static joints with little or no movement antici-pated because the slab reinfo
42、rcement is continuous across thejoint.7.7.2 Nonreinforced JointsNonreinforced joints consist ofbutt-type construction joints and isolation joints not heldtogether with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. These jointsare generally considered by the designer of the structuralsystem as nonmoving or
43、static joints. However, the jointsshould be considered as capable of having some movement, themagnitude of which is difficult to predict.7.7.3 Expansion and Seismic JointsExpansion joints, asdifferentiated from control joints, are designed to accommo-date movement in more than one direction, are an
44、integral partof the building structural system, and must be carried throughthe entire structure. Expansion joints are incorporated in thestructural frame (1) to reduce internal stresses caused by widetemperature ranges or differential movement, or both, betweenstructural elements as might be the cas
45、e in large adjoiningheated and unheated spaces; (2) where there are differentfoundation settlement conditions between adjacent elements;or (3) where movements between high- and low-attachedstructures are anticipated. Seismic joints are a special case inwhich the joints are generally quite large and
46、are designed tolimit damage to the structural frame during earthquakes.Expansion and seismic joints are best located at high points ofcontoured substrates to deflect water away from the joint. Forexpansion joints designed for thermal movement only, themovement is expected to be only in the horizonta
47、l plane.Seismic joints are designed to accommodate both vertical andhorizontal movement.7.8 Flashing SubstrateThe vertical surface that the mem-brane waterproofing intersects must be sound, with a smooth orfloated finish, dry, and free of cracks and loose materials asstated for the horizontal or dec
48、k substrate. The vertical surfacesmay be of concrete, stone, or masonry, and should be rein-forced against shrinkage and cracks.8. Waterproofing Membrane8.1 The major membrane components include primers,bitumens, reinforcements and flashing materials.8.2 PrimersPrimers (Specifications D41 and D43) a
49、reused to prepare the substrate to obtain maximum adhesion ofC981 05 (2013)3the bitumen to the substrate. Asphalt derivative primers shouldbe used with asphalt and coal-tar derivative primers withcoal-tar bitumen.8.3 BitumensBitumens in a waterproofing system servetwo functions. They provide the prime waterproofing compo-nent of the system and the adhesive component for themembrane reinforcement. The bitumens used in plaza buildingdeck waterproofing are asphalt (Specifications D312 and D449,Types I or II) or coal-tar pitch (Specification D450, Types II orIII).
