1、Designation: C985 13C985 15Standard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended
3、to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has been developed, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presentedin this specification.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing an
4、d purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength of the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance ofthis product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe
5、strength, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the constructionspecifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the pipe strength specifiedand provide inspection at the construction sit
6、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC1
7、50C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC494C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC6
8、18 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing
9、 Flowing ConcreteC1116C1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and ShotcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating
10、 to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously in accordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be a
11、ccepted inaccordance with 4.2.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 on Non-ReinforcedConcrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013Oct. 1, 2015. Published Septem
12、ber 2013October 2015. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20042013as C985 04C985 13.(2010). DOI: 10.1520/C0985-13.10.1520/C0985-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
13、TM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically p
14、ossible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Material Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine inaccordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance, see Practice E105.4
16、.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicated bythe specified tests.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of accepta
17、nce and supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details,5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specificati
18、on, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacing and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and specialreinforcement.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, if
19、 used, and water.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to therequirements of Speci
20、fication C595C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cementshall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)Slag CementGGBFS Slag cement sh
21、all conform to therequirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989C989/C989M.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the cementshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace blast-furnace slag
22、cement only,(3) Slag modified portland Portland-pozzolan cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan Portland-limestone cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination or portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag.or portland-limesto
23、ne and slag cement,(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitious weight).cement or portland-limestone, slag cement, and fly ash,or(8) A combination of portland-p
24、ozzolan cement and fly ash.6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33C33/C33M, except that the requirementfor gradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixturesChemical The following admixtures and blends shall conform to Specification areallowable
25、:C494.6.1.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;6.1.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;6.1.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.1.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved b
26、y the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, for concrete. If billet steel is used, it shall be usedconforming to Specification A615/A615M.6.1.6
27、 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concrete pipeas a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed andmanufactured specifically for use in concrete and c
28、onforming to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall beaccepted.6.1.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall be potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.C985 1526.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, p
29、roportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water, andadmixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly-mixed concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the design andtest requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumferential handling reinforcement shal
30、l be provided in all pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.6.2.2.1 PlacementWhere one line of circular reinforcement is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of the wallthickness from the inside surface. Where two lines of circular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placed that thepro
31、tective covering over the circumferential reinforcement in the wall of the section shall be 1 in.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars,and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire. When splices are welded a
32、nd are not lapped to the minimum requirementsabove, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. and pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the minimumspecified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be individual hoops or shall be formed into a ca
33、ge or cages. It shall bedistributed along the length of the pipe section, or one half of the minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed in eachof the extreme quarters of the length of an 8-ft or less pipe section, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shall be allowedto be placed in eac
34、h third of the length of a longer than 8-ft pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the minimum area shallbe located not less than one fifteenth of the length of the pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential handling reinforcement shall be equal
35、to 0.00003 (D + t)2 in square in. perft of pipe, where “D” equals the designated diameter in inches and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.6.2.2.5 Special DesignsThe manufacturer shall be allowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shallbe based on structural calculatio
36、ns or on load tests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall be equal to the weightof the pipe and shall be sustained by the pipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full length of the pipe. The pipe shallalso meet the strength requirements of Section 7, and Section 10 or 11,
37、or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections arelaid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in the flowline,all compatible with the permissible
38、 variations given in Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the purposeof handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option,in co
39、ncrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specificallyfor use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe StrengthPipe strength shall be either a designate
40、d strength or a cracking strength. The designated strength is thatspecified as the minimum load required to produce the cracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accordance with TestMethods C497. The cracking strength is the actual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test, a
41、nd shall be assumedto have been reached when any continuous visible crack caused by the test load exceeds 1 ft in length measured parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the pipe.NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strength is the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonr
42、einforced pipe loadat ultimate failure. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visible crack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shall furnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the t
43、ests required by this specification.7.3 Test MethodsThe tests for crushing strength shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497. When alternativemethods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternative requirements.C985 1538. Dimensions and Permissible Var
44、iations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in the standard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may be available. When such sizes are required, the owner should contact the manufacturersin the project area.8.2 Design Tolerance
45、sExcept as specified in this section, all permissible design tolerances shall be provided underrequirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall not vary from the designated diameter by more than 6316 in. for pipe12 in. in diameter; by more than 614 in. for pipe 15 or 18
46、 in. in diameter; by more than 6516 in. for pipe 21 in. in diameter; bymore than 638 in. for pipe 24 in. to 36 in. in diameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 36 in. in diameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforc
47、ementshall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcementexceeding those specified above shall be accepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements are met by a representativesample. In no case, however, shall the c
48、over over the circumferential reinforcement be less than 12 in.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length of any section of pipe shall not vary more than 12 in. from a specified or designateddesign length. The length of two opposite sides of any section of pipe shall not vary more than 14 in. or 2 % o
49、f the designateddiameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shall not be less than the thickness specified under 5.1.3 by more than 5 %or 18 in. for pipe 12 to 24 in. in diameter, whichever is greater; and by more than 5 % or 316 in. for pipe larger than 24 in. indiameter, whichever is greater. Localized variations in wall thickness exceeding those specified above shall be accepted if thephysical test requirements specified herein are met. A wall thickness greater than that required by the d
