1、Designation: D 1061 95 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Specification forAsbestos Lap1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAsbestos warning was moved from 12.1.3 to 1.3 in September 2004.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos lap, a felted asbestosproduct, having a mi
3、nimum of 75 mass % of asbestos fiber.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those
4、 with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 The fol
5、lowing safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods, Section 12, described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and he
6、althpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. For specific safety hazard, see 1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD 1918 Test Method
7、for Asbestos Content of AsbestosTextilesD 2946 Terminology Relating to Asbestos3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisspecification refer to Terminology D 123. For asbestos termsrefer to Terminology D 2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestosa group of impure silicate mineral
8、s occur-ring in fibrous form.3.2.2 asbestos fiberthe hydrous magnesium silicate ser-pentine mineral designated as chrysotile and having the em-pirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.3 atmosphere for testing textiles for asbestos, airmaintained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.4 lap, nfor
9、 asbestos, a flat compressed form of cardedor otherwise felted asbestos fiber, with or without carrier fibers.3.2.5 magnetic rating (MR)an empirical value that re-flects the effect of magnetic particles, such as magnetic ironcompounds, in asbestos material as measured by a magneticanalyzer.NOTE 1Mag
10、netic rating is not a quantitative measure of the numberor mass of magnetic particles in the material.4. Classifications4.1 StylesThe style of asbestos lap refers to the physicalconstruction. Two styles are available:4.1.1 Style 1A single compressed flat formation of cardedor otherwise felted asbest
11、os fibers, and4.1.2 Style 2A flat parallel assemblage of compressedcarded asbestos slivers.4.2 GradesThe grades of asbestos lap are based on themass percentage of asbestos content as stated in Table 1.4.3 Mass per Unit LengthAsbestos lap is normally fur-nished in the following nominal linear densiti
12、es:g/m (lb/100 yd)20 (4)50 (10)70 (14)100 (20)150 (30)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2004.
13、 Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1949. Discontinued 1989 and reinstated in 1995 as D 1061 95. Last previousedition approved in 1999 as D 1061 95 (1999).2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Other linear densities may be furnished a
15、s agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the seller.4.4 Types:4.4.1 Asbestos lap as made for the electrical industry isfurnished in three types, classified on the basis of magneticrating determinations (Test Method D 1118) as follows:4.4.2 Type II (Magnetic Rating 0.75 Maximum) is intendedonly for spe
16、cial applications where the asbestos is of primaryimportance as electrical insulation used on magnet wire andwhen used primarily as a dielectric.4.4.3 Type IV (Magnetic Rating 2.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of secondary importance aselectrical insulation and where it is appli
17、ed in combination withother materials of comparably higher dielectric strength, as inthe construction of heat and flame resistant electrical insulatingwalls over unit conductors of electric cables.4.4.4 Type VI (Magnetic Rating 4.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of minor importan
18、ce as adielectric, as in the construction of filler or heat and flameresistant walls of electric cables or when used as a lining forcontrol enclosures subject to exposure to electric arcs (arcchutes).5. Ordering Information5.1 State the style, grade, mass per unit length (weight), andquantity requir
19、ed.5.2 If required for electrical insulation, state this require-ment and the type needed.5.3 Dimensions of the finished lap and the packaging are asagreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. See 14.1.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Asbestos lap shall be made from a uniformly carded orotherwi
20、se felted blend of fibers.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Asbestos Content The asbestos content of the particu-lar grade shall be within the limits stated in Table 1.7.2 Carrier Fibers The chemical composition of carrierfibers shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.8. Physical Proper
21、ties8.1 Electromagnetic PropertiesThe magnetic rating of theparticular type of lap shall be within the limits in 4.4 to 4.4.4.8.2 Carrier Fibers The physical properties of the carrierfibers shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1
22、 Mass per Unit LengthThe linear density in grams permetres (or pounds per 100 yards) shall conform to the limitsstated in Table 2.9.2 WidthThe width of the lap shall be within 6 mm (0.25in.) of the width agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.10. Sampling10.1 Take five sample rolls at random fr
23、om each lot of 700to 900 kg (1500 to 2000 lb) or fraction thereof.11. Specimen Preparation11.1 Conditioning Condition all specimens in the atmo-sphere for testing asbestos textiles (without preconditioning)for a minimum of 4 h, or until the specimen shows noprogressive change in mass of more than 0.
24、1 % after anexposure of 0.5 h.11.2 Number of Specimens:11.2.1 Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified inan applicable material specification, take a number of speci-mens such that the user may expect at the 95 % probabilitylevel that the test result is more than 15.0 grains per linear yard(1
25、.13 g/m) above or below the true average (for the lot).Determine the number of specimens as follows:11.2.2 Reliable Estimate of Standard DeviationWhenthere is a reliable estimate of standard deviation(s) based uponextensive past records for similar materials tested in the userslaboratory as directed
26、 in the method, calculate the number ofspecimens using Eq 1:n 5 t23 s2!/E25 0.0170 3 s2(1)where:n = number of specimens (rounded upward to awhole number),s = reliable estimate of the standard deviation ofindividual observations on similar materials inthe users laboratory under conditions of single-o
27、perator precision,t = 1.960, the value of Students t for infinite degreesof freedom, for two-sided limits, and a 95 %probability level (t2= 3.842),E = 1.13 g/m (21.4 lb/100 yd), the value of theallowable variation, and0.0170 = value calculated from t2/E2.11.3 No Reliable Estimate of Standard Deviati
28、onWhenthere is no reliable estimate of standard deviation(s) for theusers laboratory, Eq 1 should not be used directly. Instead,TABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos LapGrade Asbestos Content, mass, %Commercial 75 up to but excluding 80Underwriters 80 up to but excluding 85A 85 up to but excluding 90AA 90 up t
29、o but excluding 95AAA 95 up to but excluding 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiveTABLE 2 Limits in Mass per Unit Length for Asbestos LapNominalMass perUnit LengthPermissible Range for 1-m (or 1-yd) SpecimensAverage of Five Specimens Individual Specimensg/m(lb/100yd)g/m (lb/100 yd) g/m (lb/100 yd)20 (4) 17.0 t
30、o 18.4 (3.43 to 3.71) 16.0 to 19.5 (3.21 to 3.93)50 (10) 50.3 to 56.0 (10.14 to 11.29) 47.9 to 58.5 (9.64 to 11.79)70 (14) 67.4 to 74.4 (13.57 to 15.00) 63.8 to 78.0 (12.86 to 15.71)100 (20) 101.0 to 111.7 (20.36 to 22.50) 95.7 to 117.0 (19.29 to 23.57)150 (30) 134.7 to 148.9 (27.14 to 30.00) 127.6
31、to 156.0 (25.71 to 31.43)D 1061 95 (2004)e12specify the fixed number of ten specimens. This number ofspecimens is calculated using s = 1.64 g/m (0.33 lb/100 yd),which is a somewhat larger value of s than is usually found inpractice. When a reliable estimate of s for the users laboratorybecomes avail
32、able, Eq 1 will usually require fewer than tenspecimens.12. Test Methods12.1 Mass per Unit Length:12.1.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination oflength per unit mass (weight) of asbestos lap.12.1.2 Significance and UseThe length per unit mass(weight) is the most significant dimension of asb
33、estos lap. Thisdetermines its suitability with regard to bulk for specificapplications.12.1.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.3.12.1.4 ProcedureFrom each of the five rolls selected asdirected in Section 11, take a 1 6 0.01 m (1 6 0.01-yd) testspecimen. Take care that each specimen is not scuffed or torn.Weigh e
34、ach of the five conditioned specimens to the nearest 0.5g (0.001 lb) and calculate the average mass per unit length ofthe five specimens.12.1.5 Precision and Bias:12.1.5.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages of fiveobservations, the differences should not exceed in 95 out of100 cases where all observat
35、ions are taken by the samewell-trained operator using the same equipment and specimensrandomly drawn from the sample of material. Larger differ-ences are likely to occur under all other circumstances.12.1.5.2 Interlaboratory Test Data4An interlaboratorytest was run in 1973 in which randomly drawn sa
36、mples of onematerial were tested in each of five laboratories. Each labora-tory used one operator who tested five specimens. The com-ponents of variance for linear density results were calculated tobe as follows:Single-operator component 1.17 g/m (0.236 lb/100 yd)Between-laboratory component 0.00 g/
37、m (0.000 lb/100 yd)12.1.5.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance re-ported in 12.1.5.2, two averages of observed values should beconsidered significantly different at the 95 % probability levelif the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listedin Table 3.NOTE 2The tabulated values
38、 of the critical differences in Table 3should be considered to be a general statement, particularly with respectto between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can bemade about two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any,between them must be established; with eac
39、h comparison being based onrecent data obtained on randomized specimens from one sample of thematerials to be tested.12.1.5.4 BiasNo justifiable statement on the accuracy ofthis procedure can be made since the true value of the propertycannot be established by an accepted referee method.12.2 Electro
40、magnetic PropertiesDetermine the magneticrating on one or more specimens from each lot or unit taken fortest, as directed in Test Method D 1118.12.3 Asbestos Content Determine the asbestos content asdirected in Test Method D 1918.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 The purchaser and the seller may agree
41、 on a procedureto establish conformance, including control charts furnished bythe seller, a sequential sampling plan, or the double-samplingplan outlined in 13.2.13.2 In the absence of a control-chart or sequential-sampling plan, proceed as directed in 13.2.1 through 13.2.3.13.2.1 If the test result
42、s for the lot conform to the tolerancesfor all characteristics specified in Section 4 to 9, consider thelot a valid delivery.13.2.2 If the test results for one or more characteristics donot conform to the tolerances, take a new laboratory samplefrom either the original lot sample or a new lot sample
43、. Test thenew sample for the characteristic(s) that did not conform to thetolerances in the first test, and average the results of the firstand second samples as if all results were from one test ofdouble the original number of specimens. If the new average(s)conform(s) to the specified tolerances,
44、consider the lot a validdelivery.13.2.3 If the test results obtained as directed in 13.2.2 do notconform to the specified tolerances, consider the lot a nonvaliddelivery.14. Packaging14.1 Asbestos lap, wound on paper tubes, is packaged inrolls that vary in size in accordance with the number of slive
45、rsin the assemblage.15. Keywords15.1 asbestos; asbestos lap; classification; lap; testing4ASTM Research Report RR:D-13-1063. A copy is available on loan fromASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.TABLE 3 Precision and ReproducibilityNumber ofObservationsin EachAverageC
46、ritical DifferencesAfor the Conditions DescribedSingle-Operator Precision(Repeatability)Interlaboratory(Reproducibility)g/m (lb/100 yd) g/m (lb/100 yd)1 3.25 (0.653) 3.25 (0.653)2 2.30 (0.461) 2.30 (0.461)5 1.45 (0.293) 1.45 (0.293)10 1.03 (0.207) 1.03 (0.207)AThe critical differences were calculate
47、d using t = 1.96, which is based oninfinite degrees of freedom.D 1061 95 (2004)e13ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the v
48、alidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your c
49、omments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
