1、Designation: D 1200 94 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forViscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vi
3、scos-ity of Newtonian or near-Newtonian paints, varnishes, lac-quers, and related liquid materials with the Ford-type effluxviscosity cup. If the material is non-Newtonian, that is,shear-thinning or thixotropic, Test Method D 2196 should beused.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4、 thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
5、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield Type)ViscometerE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1
6、.1 Newtonian liquid, na liquid in which the viscosity isindependent of the shear stress or shear rate. If the ratio ofshear stress to shear rate is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.2 Near-Newtonian liquid, na liquid in which thevariation of viscosity with shear rate is small and the eff
7、ect onviscosity of mechanical disturbances such as stirring is negli-gible.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Ford viscosity cup is filled level full with the liquidunder test, and the time for the material to flow through one ofthe standard orifices is measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test me
8、thod is useful for the determination ofpackage and application viscosities of a number of paints andother coatings and in the thinning of these materials, but islimited to Newtonian or near-Newtonian liquids.5.2 There are other types of apparatus for measuring vis-cosity in the laboratory that produ
9、ce more accurate results.6. Apparatus6.1 Ford Viscosity CupsNos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Fordviscosity cups made of corrosion- and solvent-resistant mate-rials assembled as complete units (Note 1), and conforming tothe dimensional requirements shown in Fig. 1. The orificedimensions are considered as a gui
10、de only as the combinationof cup and orifice dimensions must permit conformance to theflow formula for each cup as listed in the Appendix.NOTE 1If the orifice is removed from the cup for any reason the cupshould be recalibrated before use as described in the Appendix.6.2 ThermometerSaybolt Viscosity
11、 Thermometer con-forming to the requirements forThermometer 17C (19 to 27C)or 17F (66 to 80F) as prescribed in Specification E1.6.3 Timing DeviceAny timing device may be used pro-viding that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of0.2 s or better.7. Test Specimen7.1 The specimen of the mat
12、erial to be tested shall be visiblyhomogeneous and free of any foreign material or air bubbles.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of L
13、iquid Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved May 15, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1200 94 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
14、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Temperature of Testing8.1 All measurements with the Ford viscos
15、ity cups shall bemade at 25C (77F) or a temperature agreed upon betweenproducer and user. Temperature drift during the test should bekept to a minimum and should not exceed 60.2C (60.4F).NOTE 2 It is impossible to predict the effect of temperature change oneach material with which the apparatus may
16、be used. This factor may beless than 1 % per degree Celsius for some liquids whereas others may beas high as 8 to 10 % per degree Celsius.9. Calibration9.1 Cups should be calibrated in accordance with theprocedure described in Appendix X1. The frequency of thiscalibration check depends upon the amou
17、nt of use and the carethat the individual cup receives. If the cup varies more than10 % from standard, it should not be used.10. Conditioning10.1 Bring the material to a temperature a few degreesbelow that desired and then agitate vigorously for 10 min on areciprocating shaker in a pint can two-thir
18、ds full. Allow tostand undisturbed for 10 min while adjusting further to thedesired temperature. Make the viscosity determination at theend of the 10-min period.11. Procedure11.1 Make viscosity determinations in a room free of draftsand rapid changes in temperature. For the highest degree ofprecisio
19、n the room temperature should be between 22 and28C (72 and 82F). Determinations should be made at atemperature above the dew point of the atmosphere surround-ing the apparatus.11.2 Choose the proper cup so that the time of efflux will bebetween 20 and 100 s (preferably between 30 and 100 s) forcup N
20、os. 3, 4, and 5; between 55 and 100 s for cup No. 1; andbetween 40 and 100 s for cup No. 2 (Fig. 2).11.3 Level the instrument so that a cup may be filled levelfull without a meniscus or overflow at one side.11.4 Determine the time in seconds of efflux as follows:Close the orifice, for example, by ho
21、lding a rubber stopperagainst it. Fill the cup with the prepared specimen. Thepreferred method is to overfill the cup and scrape off the excesswith a straightedge. Pull the stopper away and simultaneouslystart the timing device. Measure the time until the first break inthe stream.11.5 Measure the te
22、mperature of the fluid in the effluxstream.11.6 If the cup has been established to be nonstandard whencalibrated as described in the Appendix, apply the percentdifference to the measured seconds to get the correctedviscosity in Ford-cup seconds.12. Care of Cup12.1 Following each determination, clean
23、 the cup by the useof a suitable solvent and a soft brush. Under no conditionsshould metal cleaning tools be brought into contact with theinstrument. Particular care must be exercised in cleaning theorifice to avoid any film deposit or nicks on the inside walls.13. Report13.1 Report the following in
24、formation:Orifice A, mm Orifice A, mmNo. 1 1.90 No. 3 3.40No. 2 2.53 No. 4 4.12No. 5 5.20FIG. 1 Ford Viscosity Cup and OrificesFIG. 2 Approximate Viscosity Curves for Ford CupsD 1200 94 (2005)213.1.1 The efflux time to the nearest 0.2 s for the cup orificecombination (for example, viscosity 33.2 s w
25、ith No. 4 Fordcup), the temperature of the test specimen (as in the effluxstream), and the immediate history of agitation and rest prior tothe measurement.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionOn the basis of an interlaboratory test ofthis test method in which eight cooperators from four differentlabo
26、ratories made measurements on five different paints, thewithin-laboratory coefficient of variation was found to be2.8 % with 35 df and the between-laboratory coefficient ofvariation was found to be 6.9 % with 30 df. Based on thesecoefficients, the following criteria should be used for judgingthe acc
27、eptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:14.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained by the sameoperator on different days should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 8 %.14.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results obtained by operatorsin different laboratories should be considered suspect
28、if theydiffer by more than 20 %.14.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining bias for the procedure in this testmethod, bias cannot be determined.15. Keywords15.1 flow cup; Ford cup; viscometersFordAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. Calibration Procedure for Ford
29、 CupsX1.1 The orifice of the Ford cup is commonly made ofbrass or some other corrosion-resistant material which issubject to wear with use and cleaning. A small change indiameter of the orifice becomes significant in the resultsobtained with the use of this type of viscosity-measuringapparatus.X1.2
30、The viscosity standards3are available only as 1-ptsamples.X1.3 Select the appropriate liquid viscosity standard for thecup to be calibrated (see Table X1.1). Bring this cup and theliquid viscosity standard to a constant temperature as close aspossible to 25.0C (77.0F) or to the operating temperature
31、 ofthe cup. Determine the time of efflux to the nearest 0.2 s usingthe procedure detailed in Section 11. Keep the temperature driftto within 60.2C (60.4F). If the temperature is not 77F, theactual temperature must be noted and the viscosity of thestandard oil corrected to this temperature.X1.4 The f
32、ollowing formulas are used to convert the timeof flow in seconds, t, to kinematic viscosity V:V1= 0.49 (t 35.0)V2= 1.44 (t 18.0)V3= 2.31 (t 6.58)V4= 3.85 (t 4.49)V5= 12.1 (t 2.00)where V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5= kinematic viscosity usingorifice No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, cSt.X1.5 The differen
33、ce between the certified viscosity and thedetermined viscosity, multiplied by 100 and divided by thecertified viscosity, will give the percent variation of the cupfrom standard. A percent correction can be applied to theseconds flow when the cup is in normal use. If the cup variesmore than 10 % from
34、 standard, it is recommended that theorifice be replaced and that the cup be recalibrated.3Certified kinematic viscosity standards are available from the Cannon Instru-ment Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, Pa. 16801. For particular oils applicable foruse with the Ford Cups refer to Table X1.1. Oils
35、available from other sources,having known kinematic viscosities, may also be used.TABLE X1.1 Viscosity Standards Recommended for CalibratingFord Viscosity CupsCupNumberApproximate CupViscosity Range, cStStandard OilDesignationApproximateDesignatedViscosity at77F (25C),cStA1 10to35 S-10 202 25 to 120
36、 S-20 353 49 to 220 S-60 1204 70 to 370 S-60 1205 200 to 1200 S-200 460AExact viscosities are supplied with the oil samples.D 1200 94 (2005)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this
37、 standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five year
38、s andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committ
39、ee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 1200 94 (2005)4
